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基礎(chǔ)英語語法:狀語從句
在年少學(xué)習(xí)的日子里,大家都背過不少知識點,肯定對知識點非常熟悉吧!知識點就是掌握某個問題/知識的學(xué)習(xí)要點。那么,都有哪些知識點呢?下面是小編為大家收集的基礎(chǔ)英語語法:狀語從句,歡迎大家借鑒與參考,希望對大家有所幫助。
時間狀語從句
1、when的用法
(1)when既可引導(dǎo)一個持續(xù)性動作,也可引導(dǎo)一個短暫性動作,可用于表示主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生或從句動作先于主句動作,有時還可表示從句動作后于主句,意為“當(dāng)……時候”。
(2)when在be about to do……when……,be doing……when……,had done……when……,be on one’s way……when……,be on the point of doing……when……等結(jié)構(gòu)中,作“那時突然”講。
(3)when “既然、鑒于;盡管,雖然(位于主句之后);如果”
2、while的用法
(1)表示“當(dāng)……時候”,引導(dǎo)的動作必須是延續(xù)性的。
(2)用作并列連詞,表示相對關(guān)系“然而”。
(3)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,相當(dāng)于although,意為“雖然”,位于主句前。
(4)引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,相當(dāng)于as/so long as,意為“只要”。
3、as 的用法
(1)表示“當(dāng)……時候”,強(qiáng)調(diào)同時發(fā)生,不指先后。
(2)說明兩種正在發(fā)展或變化的情況,表示“隨著”,表示時間的推移。
(3)表示“一邊……一邊……”。
(4)強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生。
(5)表示“雖然,盡管”。
(6)其他含義“正如,正像”,“作為”,“由于,因為”。
4、before的用法
(1)一般意為“在……之前”“……才”,“……就”“還沒有……”“免得”“不知不覺”“寧可,寧愿”,“否則,要不然”。
(2)It + will be/was + 時間段+before+一般現(xiàn)在時/一般過去時。在肯定句中,意為“多長時間之后才”;在否定句中,意為“用不了多長時間就”。
5、until和till
(1)與肯定句連用,必須是延續(xù)性動詞。
(2)與否定句連用,必須是非延續(xù)性動詞,表示“直到……才,在……之前不……”。
注意:not until可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句和倒裝句
強(qiáng)調(diào)句:It is/was not until…that…倒裝句:not until 放句首時,主句要部分倒裝。
6、since的用法
(1)since后是非延續(xù)性動詞,時間起點從該動作發(fā)生算起,意為“做某事多久了”;since后是延續(xù)性動詞,時間起點從該動作結(jié)束算起,意為“不做某事已有多長時間”。
(2)It is/has been +時間段+since+一般過去時
7、表示“一......就......”的句型
(1)as soon as, once,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute等引導(dǎo)的從句都表示從句的動作一發(fā)生,主句的動作隨即發(fā)生,常譯作“一……就……”,這類從句中,經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)代替將來時態(tài)。
(2)on doing sth.或“on one’s+名詞”作時間狀語。
8、有些名詞和副詞可以起連接詞的作用,引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。
注意:時間狀語從句中不用將來時態(tài)。若要表示將來時間,可用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)表示。但when引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,從句中要使用將來時。
地點狀語從句
1、地點狀語從句由where,wherever引導(dǎo)。
注意:where與where的區(qū)別:Where表特定的地點,而wherever表示非特定的地點。
Wherever=to/at any place where
2、地點狀語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別
Where引導(dǎo)定語從句時,從句前應(yīng)有一個表示地點的名詞作先行詞;而狀語從句前則無先行詞。
原因狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞:because, since,as, now that, not that…, but that…, seeing that, considering that, in that
注意:for也可以表示原因,屬并列連詞,但不是說明直接原因,而是對某種情況加以推斷,用于表示補(bǔ)充說明理由。
目的狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞:so, so that, in order that, that, to the end that(以便,為了),in case,for fear that,lest(以免,以防),目的狀語從句中通常有情態(tài)動詞can,could,may,might,should,would等。
注意:1、in case 還可表示“萬一,假如”。
2、目的狀語從句可以用so as to, in order to 等不定式代替,但主句和從句的主語必須一致。
結(jié)果狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞:so...that(如此……以至于……),such...that(如此……以至于……),so that(結(jié)果是),with the result that(所以,結(jié)果是)
注意:(1)so...that與such...that的區(qū)別
So+形容詞such+a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)名詞
So+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)名詞such+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞
So+副詞such+形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞
So many/few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞
So much/little+不可數(shù)名詞
(2)so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句與so that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句
目的狀語從句一般使用情態(tài)動詞,結(jié)果狀語從句一般不使用情態(tài)動詞;
結(jié)果狀語從句常常用逗號與主句分開。
(3)so...that與so...as;such...that與such...as
So...that/such...that為結(jié)果狀語從句;so...as/such...as為定語從句。
條件狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞:if(如果),unless(除非),if only(只要,但愿),only if(只有),in case(萬一),suppose/supposing(that)
(假設(shè)),provided/providing(that)(只要,假若),on condition that(要是,在……條件下),so/as long as(只要),(lets/let us)say(假設(shè))
方式狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞:as(像……一樣,正如……),as if/as though(好像,宛如)
注意:1、固定句型A is to B what C is to D.意為“A對B而言正如C對D一樣”。
2、as if, as though引導(dǎo)的從句若與事實相反,用虛擬語氣;若與事實相符,不用虛擬語氣。
讓步狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞:though/although/as(雖然,盡管),even if/though(即使,盡管),whether/no matter whether...or(not)
(不管……是否,不管是……還是)wh-ever/no matter wh-(無論……)
注意:(1)though,although,as的區(qū)別
A、Though,although的主句中可以用yet, still, nevertheless,但不可使用but。
B、though引導(dǎo)的從句可以倒裝,也可以不倒裝;as引導(dǎo)的從句必須倒裝;although引導(dǎo)的從句不能倒裝。
其結(jié)構(gòu)為:形容詞/分詞/副詞/動詞原形/名詞(無冠詞)+as/though+主語+謂語……
(2)though可用作副詞,放在句末,意為“不過,但是”。Although無此用法。
(3)某些短語也引導(dǎo)讓步的從句或短語,意為“盡管”,如:in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, regardless of(the fact that)
比較狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞:as...as(和……一樣),not as/so...as(和……不一樣),than(比),the more...the more...(越……越……)
狀語從句中的省略問題
1、在狀語從句中如果主語與主句的主語一致,同時從句中又含有系動詞be,則通?墒∪木涞闹髡Z和系動詞be,留下其余部分。
2、若狀語從句中主語是it, 動詞是系動詞be, 則通?墒∪ブ髡Zit及系動詞be,留下其余部分。
實用語法總結(jié)之狀語從句
狀語從句有時間、地點、原因、目的、方式、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等八種。
一、時間狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞有after,before,as,once,since,till,until,when,whenever,while,as soon as,the moment/minute…(一…就),the time,the day,every time,next time,each time,by the time of,no sooner…than(一…就),hardly…when(一…就)。例如:
Each/Every time he comes here,he will drop in on me.
每次他來這兒他都順便看我。
He was ill last time I saw him.上次我見到他時他病了。
No sooner had she heard the news than she cried.她一聽到這個消息就哭了.
【辨析】when與while
when引導(dǎo)的從句動詞可以是延續(xù)性的或短暫性的,while引導(dǎo)的從句中動詞必須是延續(xù)性的;在"be…when…”句式中when表"at that time(就在這時)"意,這樣用的when不能換為while;while有時并不表示時間,而表示對比,意“而”、“卻”,when無這樣的用法。例如:When I got home I found the door locked./While(或When)we were working in the fields,it suddenly began to rain./He was wandering through the streets when a bike hit him./His pencil is red,while mine is yellow.
【辨析】till與until
一般情況下可以互換,但until可以位于句首,till則不能。例如:
Until it stops raining,the children can?t go out.雨停了,孩子們才能出去.
=Not until the rain stops can the children go out.
二、地點狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞有where,wherever.例如:
I?ll go wherever the people want me to go.(wherever=to any place where)
He works where his grandfather fought.(where=in the place where)
Where there is a will,there is a way.(Where=In the place where)
三、原因狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞有because,since,as,now(that)(既然)
回答以why提出的問題時,只能用because,而不能用as等。
since=now(that),表“既然”意,表示已知的或明顯的原因,由此加以推論。例如:
Now that/Since you are free today,you may have a rest at home or go out for a walk.
for 是一個并列連詞,用來連接兩個并列句,引導(dǎo)的句子是對前面一句話的內(nèi)容的推測或補(bǔ)充說明。例如:It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet./The day has broken,for the birds are singing.(這兩句中的for都不可換為because或as,since等。)
四、目的狀語
引導(dǎo)詞有so that,in order that,that ,incase(免得,以防)。目的狀語從句謂語常含有can/could/may/might/will/would等情態(tài)動詞。例如:
He ran as fast as possible in order that he could catch the bus./Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I forget.請明天再提醒我一下,以免我忘記。
五、方式(或比較)狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞有as,as if,as though,than,as/so…as,the more…the more.例如:
Tom is not so/as tall as John./It looks as if it is going to rain./He runs faster than I.
注:as…as既可用于肯定句,又可用于否定句,so…as只能用于否定句。
六、結(jié)果狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞有so…that,such…that,so that.例如:
1. He works so hard that he makes great progress in his studies.
2. It?s such a difficult problem that nobody can work it out.
3. There?s not any noise here so that I feel very comfortable.
第3個例句中so that從句不是目的狀語從句,從結(jié)構(gòu)上看沒有can,may等情態(tài)動詞,從意思上看I feel very comfortalbe是There is not any noise的結(jié)果.
七、條件狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞有if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that,in case(如果)等,從句的時態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(含現(xiàn)在完成時),一般過去時(含過去完成時)分別代替一般將來時和過去將來時。例如:
If it rains tomorrow,I won?t go there./He said he would not go back home unless he had achieved a lot./I?ll study so long as. I?m alive./In case he come,let me know.如果他來的話,告訴我一聲。
If 引導(dǎo)的條件句可以是真實性條件句,也可以是非真實性條件句、(用于虛擬語氣)
八、讓步狀語從句
引導(dǎo)詞有though,although,even if,even though,as,whoever,whatever,however,no matter+what/who/when/…等。例如:
Though/Although he is ill,he still goes to school./She started her experiment,even though she had little money./Whatever you found,you must turn it in./However hard he worked,he hardly made any progress.
as 作“盡管”意時,一般將其句中的表語放在句首,例如:Young as he is,he knows a lot.=Although he is young,he knows a lot.若表語為名詞,冠詞要省略,例如:
Child as/though he is,he has remembered a lot of English words.(此句中though不可換為although)
although或though不能與but同時出現(xiàn)在一個復(fù)合句中,但是"Although/Though…,(and)yet…”句式卻是正確的。例如:
Although it is raining heavily,yet they are repairing the bridge.
主語從句
主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句,通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較
It 作形式主語代替主語從句,主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分,都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
2. 用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)
(1) It is +名詞+從句
It is a fact that … 事實是…
It is an honor that …非常榮幸
It is common knowledge that …是常識
(2) it is +形容詞+從句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) it is +不及物動詞+從句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
(4) it +過去分詞+從句
It is reported that… 據(jù)報道…
It has been proved that… 已證實…
3. 主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況
(1) if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。
(2) It is said , (reported) …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如:
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)
That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如:
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)
(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如:
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)
(5) 含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時,主語從句不可提前。例如:
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening(right)
Is that will rain in the evening likely(wrong)
4. What 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別
What 引導(dǎo)主語從句時在句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語.賓語.表語,而that 則不然。例如:
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation.
賓語從句
賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句,通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)或介詞之后。
1. 作動詞的賓語
(1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that 通常可以省略),例如:
I heard that be joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,例如:
1) She did not know what had happened.
2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 動詞+間接賓語+賓語從句。例如:
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
2. 作介詞的賓語
例如:Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容詞的賓語
例如:I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
That 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語:
Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。
4. It 可以作為形式賓語
It 不僅可以作為形式主語,還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾,特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。 例如:
We heard it that she would get married next month..
5. 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞
這類動詞有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語,但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如:
I admire their winning the match. (right)
I admire that they won the match. (wrong)
6. 不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞
有些動詞不可用于“動詞+間接賓語+that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中,常見的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如:
He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)
7. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移
若主句謂語動詞為Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義,一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上,從句謂語用肯定式。例如:
I don’t think this dress fits you well.(我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。)
表語從句
表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句,放在系動詞之后,一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語+連系動詞+表語從句”?梢越颖碚Z從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that?墒÷浴A硗,常用的還有the reason is that… 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
同位語從句
同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。
1. 同位語從句的功能
同位語從句對于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋,說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容,一般由that引導(dǎo),例如:
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2. 同位語在句子中的位置
同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面,而是被別的詞隔開。例如:
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
3. 同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別
(1) 定語從句中的that既代替先行詞,同時以在從句中作某個成分(主語或賓語),而同位語從句中的that是連詞,只起連接主句與從句的作用,不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。
(2) 定語從句是形容詞性的,其功能是修飾先行詞,對先行詞加以限定,描述定的性質(zhì)或特征;同位語從句是名詞性的,其功能是對名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。例如:
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。)(第一個that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句,that在從句中作賓語)
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。)(同位語從句,that在句中不作任何成分)
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