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小升初英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)
14. 倒裝
14.1 倒裝句之全部倒裝
全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和 一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。
Here he comes. Away they went.
14.2 倒裝句之部分倒裝
部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。
1) 句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ)，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。
注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例題
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 這是一個(gè)倒裝問(wèn)題。當(dāng)否定詞語(yǔ)置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本題的正常語(yǔ)序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我們知道為一倒裝句，答案在C，D 中選一個(gè)。
改寫為正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)�，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 現(xiàn)在將not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否則意思就變了。
14.3 以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例題
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時(shí)，一般采用倒裝句(謂語(yǔ)前置)。這類表示否定意義的詞有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意：只有當(dāng)Not only… but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only… but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語(yǔ)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
14.4 so, neither, nor作部分倒裝
表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒裝。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例題
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案：B. nor為增補(bǔ)意思"也不關(guān)心"，因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A錯(cuò)在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不對(duì)且缺乏連詞。 D缺乏連詞。
注意： 當(dāng)so引出的句子用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為"的確如此"。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
14.5 only在句首要倒裝的情況
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
14.6 as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句
as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前 （形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。
注意：
1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。
2) 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ), 隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。
14.7 其他部分倒裝
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
3) 在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were, had, should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分倒裝。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例題：
1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案為D. 否定詞Not在句首，要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
答案為B。
3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
解析：答案為B. 句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典例題800例：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（例題1）
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.
A. enter B. to enter
C. entering D. entered
【陷阱】容易誤選A。有的同學(xué)一看到空格前的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could 就斷定此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞原形 enter。
【分析】其實(shí)正確答案應(yīng)是B。此句為省略句，即在 could 后省略了動(dòng)詞 do，若把句子補(bǔ)完整應(yīng)為Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短語(yǔ)(to enter a good college)是用作目的狀語(yǔ)的，而不是與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(could)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏搭愃评洌?/p>
(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他們盡量安慰她。
(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他們盡一切力量拯救她的性命。
(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命學(xué)習(xí)以便趕上他的同學(xué)。
值得指出的是，這也并不是說(shuō)今后只要遇到類似結(jié)構(gòu)的題就一定選帶to不定式。請(qǐng)看以下試題：
(4) He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope
C. hoping D. hoped
此題的答案是 C不是A，其中的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。
(5) He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise
C. practising D. practised
此題答案選 C，這與前面動(dòng)詞 spent 的搭配有關(guān)，即 spend … (in) doing sth。若將此句補(bǔ)充完整，即為 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.
(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could ____D____ his oral English.
A. improve B. to improve
C. improving D. to improving
此題答案選D，注意兩點(diǎn)：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意為“把……貢獻(xiàn)給……”;二是其中的 to 是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞。
2. He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work.
A. doing B. to do
C. being doing D. to be done
【陷阱】容易誤選B，根據(jù) can’t help doing sth 這一結(jié)構(gòu)推出。
【分析】其實(shí)答案應(yīng)選A。比較以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
can’t help to do sth = 不能幫助做某事
can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事
又如下面一題，答案也是 B：
She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A cleaning B. to clean
C. cleaned D. being cleaned
再請(qǐng)看以下試題：
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading
C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
此題應(yīng)選C，句中的 can’t help 意為“禁不住”(注意根據(jù)句意用被動(dòng)形式)。
3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films.
A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing
C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為B。現(xiàn)分析如下：
(1) devote 意為“致力于，獻(xiàn)身于”，主要用 devote…to…或be devoted to，其中的to 是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)，故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞，不用不定式。
(2) 選A錯(cuò)誤：若將 do 改為 doing 則可以。
(3) 選B正確：all her time devoted to doing experiments為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，用作狀語(yǔ)。
(4) 選C錯(cuò)誤：因?yàn)閍ll her time 與 devote 為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應(yīng)將devoting改為devoted。
(5) 選D錯(cuò)誤：若單獨(dú)看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并沒有錯(cuò)，但問(wèn)題是逗號(hào)前后兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句沒有必要的連接方式，所以從整體上看仍不對(duì)，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，則可選D，或?qū)將中的is 改為 being也可選它。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典例題800例：虛擬語(yǔ)氣（例題）
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
1. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show
C. am going to show D. am showing
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】正確答案選B。根據(jù)上文的語(yǔ)境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個(gè)虛擬的條件，即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article(要是我沒忘記我在哪兒讀過(guò)這篇文章的話——但事實(shí)上忘了)。
2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _____.”
A. He’d better give up drinking
B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選，主要是受句中 drunk 一詞的影響。
【分析】最佳答案為D。關(guān)鍵信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，句子既然用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，也就是說(shuō)，“他喝醉了”不是事實(shí)，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此題的最佳答案是D。
3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
A. do B. are
C. will D. would
【陷阱】容易誤選A或C。選A者，認(rèn)為前后兩句的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)應(yīng)一致;選C者，認(rèn)為其后帶有if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句，從語(yǔ)氣上看，主句應(yīng)用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。分析如下：
(1) “so + 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)”是一個(gè)很有用的結(jié)構(gòu)，它表示“……也一樣”時(shí)。如：
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜歡看電視，我也一樣。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 當(dāng)動(dòng)植物消失的時(shí)候，人類也會(huì)隨之消失。
(2) 由于空格后的 if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣(這是很重要的信息)，所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案應(yīng)選D。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典例題800例：強(qiáng)調(diào)句（例題）
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
1. ____ that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
A. It was we being late B. It was our being late
C. It was we were too late D. It was because we were late
【陷阱】此題容易誤選D，認(rèn)為強(qiáng)調(diào)的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句 because we were late。
【分析】但實(shí)際上，此題的答案為B，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子主語(yǔ) our being late，此題若還原成非強(qiáng)調(diào)句，即為：
Our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
注意，強(qiáng)調(diào)句的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)是，若去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu) it is [was]… that…，句子仍然成立;換句話說(shuō)，該結(jié)構(gòu)中的 that 不能充當(dāng)句子成分。
2. “How was ______ they discovered the entrance to the underground palace?” “Totally by chance.”
A. it that B. he that
C. it when D. he which
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均可能誤選。
【分析】答案選A，為強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問(wèn)句形式，其相應(yīng)的陳述句形式為：
It was totally by chance that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.
比較以下各題，它們也屬?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問(wèn)句形式：
(1) Who was it _____ saved the drowning girl?
A. since B. as C. that D. he
答案選C，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 who，該句實(shí)為類似 It was Tom that saved the drowning girl. 這類強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問(wèn)句形式(即對(duì)其中的Tom 提問(wèn)而得)。
(2) What is it _____ his daughter needs most?
A. what B. which C. that D. if
答案選C，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 what，該句實(shí)為類似 It is a bike that his daughter needs most. 這類強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問(wèn)句形式(即對(duì)其中的a bike 提問(wèn)而得)。
3. _____ was very ______ that little Jim wrote the letter.
A. It, careful B. It, carefully
C. He, careful D. He, carefully
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選，但最有可能誤選的可能是A，認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)普通的系表結(jié)構(gòu)，即認(rèn)為第二空要填形容詞作表語(yǔ)。
【分析】其實(shí)，此題是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，其非強(qiáng)調(diào)形式為 Little Jim wrote the letter very carefully. 若用 it is … that… 的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式強(qiáng)調(diào)其中的狀語(yǔ) very carefully 即為上面一題的題干，所以答案應(yīng)選B。請(qǐng)看下面幾例，也屬?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)：
(1) It was when she was about to go to bed ______ the telephone rang.
A. since B. as C. that D. then
答案選C，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 when she was about to go to bed 這一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
(2) It may have been at Christmas _____ John gave Mary a handbag.
A. before B. who C. that D. when
答案選C，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 at Christmas，其中的動(dòng)詞 be 采用了 may have been 這一較為復(fù)雜的形式。
4. “Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday?” “It was in the hall ______ the students
often have a meeting.”
A. where B. which
C. that D. when
【陷阱】很可能誤選C，認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) in the hall。
【分析】假若選C，即有 It was in the hall that the students often have a meeting，該句的意思是“學(xué)生們通常是在
大廳開會(huì)”，單獨(dú)看這一句，無(wú)論是其意思還是其語(yǔ)法均未錯(cuò)，但若將其與上文聯(lián)系起來(lái)看，則不通，因?yàn)樯衔牡囊馑际恰澳闶窃?/p>
哪兒找到昨天作報(bào)告的那位教授的?”假若將答句改為 It was in the hall that I found the professor，則完全可以。
其實(shí)，此題的最佳答案是A，where the students often have a meeting 為定語(yǔ)從句，用以修飾其前的名詞 the hall，句意
為“是在學(xué)生們經(jīng)常開會(huì)的那個(gè)大廳(找到教授的)”，這樣語(yǔ)意就通順了。
5. It was what he meant rather than what he said ______ annoyed me.
A. which B. as
C. what D. that
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題為一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，空格處應(yīng)填 that (即選D)，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 what he meant rather than what he said。句意
為“讓我生氣的不是他說(shuō)的話，而是他話中的意思”。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏磧衫?/p>
(1) It was his nervousness in the interview ______ probably lost him the job.
A. which B. since C. that D. what
答案選C，為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 his nervousness in the interview，句意為“很可能是面試時(shí)表現(xiàn)出緊張，使他失去
了這份工作”。
(2) It is the ability to do the job ______ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
答案選B，為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分為 the ability to do the job，句意為“重要的是你做工作的能力，而不是你來(lái)自何地
或你是從事什么工作的”。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全經(jīng)典例題800例：名詞性從句（例題）
【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
◆典型陷阱題分析◆
1. She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood _______ he said meant.
A. that B. what
C. that that D. what what
【陷阱】可能誤選B。許多同學(xué)一看選項(xiàng)首先就排除了C和D，認(rèn)為這樣兩個(gè)“引導(dǎo)詞”疊用的情況不太可能。在A和B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選項(xiàng)A肯定不行，因?yàn)樗龑?dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不能充當(dāng)句子成分，所以便選擇了B。
【分析】正確答案選 D。第一個(gè)what 用作動(dòng)詞 meant 的賓語(yǔ)，第二個(gè)what 用作動(dòng)詞 said 的賓語(yǔ)，即在 none of us understood what what he said meant 中，none of us understood 為主句，what what he said meant 為賓語(yǔ)從句，而在此賓語(yǔ)從句中又包括有 what he said 這樣一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句。
2. After _______ had happened he could not continue to work there.
A. which B. how
C. what D. having
【陷阱】可能誤選A。
【分析】最佳答案選 C。有的同學(xué)誤選A，是因?yàn)檎J(rèn)為介詞后應(yīng)接關(guān)系代詞 which，但實(shí)際上，若填關(guān)系代詞，其前沒有先行詞，這根據(jù)不是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。另外，由于 had happened 缺主語(yǔ)，所以B和D也不能選。請(qǐng)?jiān)僮鱿旅嬉活}(答案選B)：
He pointed to ______ looked like a tomb and said, “Ghost.”
A. that B. what
C. which D. as
3.“Is ______ you want to say?” asked the teacher.
A. this B. that
C. all that D. that all
【陷阱】根據(jù)中文字面意思誤選A或B。
【分析】最佳答案選 D。假若選A或B，那么轉(zhuǎn)換成陳述句即為：This is you want to say. / That is you want to say. 顯然句中的兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 is與want相沖突。選D組成的句子是 Is that all you want to say? 其中的that 為句子主語(yǔ)，all 為表語(yǔ)，you want to say 為定語(yǔ)從句，用以修飾all。
4. “When ______ leave for Japan?” “When ______ leave for Japan is kept secret.”
A. they will, will they B. will they, they will
C. they will, they will D. will they, will they
【陷阱】可能誤選D，認(rèn)為 when 后應(yīng)用疑問(wèn)句詞序。
【分析】最佳答案選 B。第一個(gè)when引出的是一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句，故用疑問(wèn)詞序;第二個(gè) when 引出的是主語(yǔ)從句，故其后用陳述句詞序。請(qǐng)做以下試題(答案選C)：
(1) None knows if _______ that boy, but if _______ him, her parents will be disappointed.
A. she will marry, she will marry B. she marries, she marries
C. she will marry, she marries D. she marries, she will marry
(2) “Where _______ go to work?” “Where _______ go to work is not known.”
A. we shall, we shall B. shall we, shall we
C. shall we, we shall D. we shall, shall we
5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ______.
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。首先可以排除A和C，因?yàn)榭崭裉帉?shí)為一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，所以不能用疑問(wèn)句詞序。另一方面，但按英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，當(dāng)用于指代身份不明的人時(shí)，要用代詞it，而不用 he 或she等。比較以下兩句：
Mr Smith is at the door. He wants to see you. 史密斯先生在門口，他想見你。
Someone is at the door. It may be the postman. 有個(gè)人在門口，可能是郵遞員。
第一句因前面指明了是 Mr Smith，所以后面用代詞 he;而第二句因前面用的是不定代詞 someone，說(shuō)明此人身份尚不明確，故其后用了代詞 it 來(lái)指代。
6. Don’t you know, my dear friend, ______ it is your money not you that she loves?
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
【陷阱】此題容易誤選 A或B：選 A 的同學(xué)認(rèn)為這是指人的，故用who;選B的同學(xué)認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，兩者都是誤認(rèn)為這是定語(yǔ)從句(注意沒有先行詞)。
【分析】其實(shí)答案應(yīng)選C。that引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，用作動(dòng)詞 know 的賓語(yǔ)，它只是被句中的插入語(yǔ) my dear friend 隔開罷了。請(qǐng)做以下試題(答案均為C)：
(1) Everyone knows, perhaps except you, _______ your girl-friend is a cheat.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(2) I think, though I could be mistaken, ______ she liked me.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(3) He told me the news, believe it or not, ______ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
A. that B. which
C. as D. because
前面兩題 that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，后面一題 that同位語(yǔ)從句(修飾the news)。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全：特殊同位語(yǔ)歸納
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因?yàn)閺?fù)雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全，本章主要介紹英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的句子成分，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)有所幫助。更多內(nèi)容盡在。
特殊同位語(yǔ)歸納
當(dāng)兩個(gè)詞或詞組在一個(gè)句子中具有相同的語(yǔ)法地位而且描述相同的人或事物時(shí)，我們稱它們?yōu)橥徽Z(yǔ)�；拘问降耐徽Z(yǔ)大家一般不會(huì)出錯(cuò)，但有幾種同位語(yǔ)，或由于本身結(jié)構(gòu)特殊，或由于它修飾的成分結(jié)構(gòu)比較特殊，往往會(huì)引起誤解�，F(xiàn)小結(jié)并舉例說(shuō)明如下，希望引起同學(xué)們的注意。
1. 代詞we, us, you等后接同位語(yǔ)
Are you two reading? 你們二人在看書嗎?
They three joined the school team. 他們3人參加了校隊(duì)。
She has great concern for us students. 她對(duì)我們學(xué)生很關(guān)心。
He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你們男孩子安靜些。
We girls often go to the movies together. 我們女孩子經(jīng)常一起去看電影。
2. 不定式用作同位語(yǔ)
Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下達(dá)了發(fā)起總攻的命令。(to start the general attack與the order同位)
He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一條街走，我在那里接他上了車。(to walk along…與the instruction同位)
3. -ing分詞用作同位語(yǔ)
He's getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一個(gè)開卡車的差事。(driving a track與a job同位)
She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一個(gè)熨衣服的職位。(ironing shirts與a place同位)
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一個(gè)計(jì)劃是夜襲，被拒絕了。(attacking at night與the first plan同位)
4. 形容詞用作同位語(yǔ)
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易會(huì)，是有史以來(lái)規(guī)模最大的，正在廣州舉行。
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他讀了很多書，古今中外都有。
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都來(lái)到街頭觀看游行。
【注】這類同位語(yǔ)與定語(yǔ)比較接近，可轉(zhuǎn)換成定語(yǔ)從句。如：
The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
=The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou.
5. none of us之類的結(jié)構(gòu)用作同位語(yǔ)
We none of us said anything. 我們誰(shuí)也沒說(shuō)話。
We have none of us large appetites. 我們誰(shuí)飯量都不大。
They neither of them wanted to go. 他們兩人都不想去。
They've neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他們兩人誰(shuí)也沒能贏得她的信任。
【注】同位語(yǔ)并不影響其后句子謂語(yǔ)的“數(shù)”，如：
學(xué)生每人都有一本詞典。
正：The students each have a dictionary.
誤：The students each has a dictionary.
請(qǐng)比較下面一句(謂語(yǔ)用了單數(shù)，因?yàn)閑ach為句子主語(yǔ))：
正：Each of the students has a dictionary.
6. 從句用作同位語(yǔ)(即同位語(yǔ)從句)
They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。
I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息說(shuō)她可能晚到。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不實(shí)。
The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不動(dòng)腦筋做此工作的想法是錯(cuò)誤的。
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