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大學(xué)英語精讀第二冊第8課內(nèi)容詳解
英語屬于印歐語系日耳曼語族西日耳曼語支，最早被中世紀(jì)的英國使用，并因其廣闊的殖民地而成為世界使用面積最廣的語言。以下是小編為大家收集的大學(xué)英語精讀第二冊第8課內(nèi)容詳解，僅供參考，大家一起來看看吧。
內(nèi)容詳解1：
Ever thought about cheating on a test? Of course not. But some students are not quite so honest …
Honesty: Is It Going Out of Style?
Stacia Robbins
According to a recent poll, 61 percent of American high school students have admitted to cheating on exams at least once. It can be argued such a response my not mean much. After all, most students have been faced with the temptation to peek at a neighbors test paper. And students can be hard on themselves in judging such behavior. However, there are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise.
More and more states are requiring students to pass competency tests in order to receive their high school diplomas. And many educators fear that an increase in the use of state exams will lead to a corresponding rise in cheating. A case in point is students in New York State who faced criminal misdemeanor charges for possessing and selling advance copies of state Regents examinations.
Cheating is considered to be a major problem in colleges and universities. Several professors say theyve dropped the traditional term paper requirement because many students buy prewritten term papers, and they cant track down all the cheaters anymore.
Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating. For instance, the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland launched a campaign to stop one form of cheating. As 409 students filed out of their exam, they found all but one exit blocked. Proctors asked each student to produce an ID card with an attached photo. Students who said theyd left theirs in the dorm or at home had a mug shot taken. The purpose of the campaign was to catch "ringers," students who take tests for other students.
The majority of students at the University of Maryland applauded the campaign. The campus newspaper editorial said, "Like police arresting speeders, the intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the word."
We frequently hear about "the good old days", when Americans were better, happier, and more honest. But were they more honest? Maybe yes, a long time ago when life was very different from what it is today.
School children used to know the story of how Abraham Lincoln walked five miles to return a penny hed overcharged a customer. Its the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of Lincoln, the story is true … unlike the story of George Washington and the cherry tree. Washingtons first biographer invented the tale of little George saying to his father, "I cannot tell a lie. I did it with my ax." What is important in both stories, however, is that honesty was seen as an important part of the American character.
And these are just two stories out of many. Students in the last century usually didnt read "fun" stories. They read stories that taught moral values. Such stories pointed out quite clearly that children who lied, cheated, or stole came to bad ends.
Parents may have further reinforced those values. Its difficult to know. We do know that children didnt hear their parents talk of cheating the government on income taxes - there werent any.
A clue as to why Americans may have been more honest in the past lies in the Abe Lincoln story. Lincoln knew his customer. They both lived in a small town. Would a check-out person at a large supermarket return money a customer? Its less likely. On the other hand, would overnight guests at an inn run by a husband and wife, steal towels? Its less likely.
Perhaps this tells us that people need to know one another to be at their honest best.
The vast majority of Americans still believe that honesty as an important part of the American Character. For that reason, there are numerous watch-dog committees at all levels of society. Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?
There is some evidence that dishonesty may ebb and flow. When times are hard, incidents of theft and cheating usually go up. And when times get better such incidents tend to go down.
Cheating in school also tends to ebb and flow. But it doesnt seem linked to the economy.
Many educators feel that as students gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. Surprisingly, some efforts to prevent cheating may actually encourage cheating - a person may feel "they dont trust me anyway," and be tempted to "beat the system." Distrust can be contagious. But, so can trust!
內(nèi)容詳解2：
honesty
n. freedom from deceit, cheating, etc. 誠實(shí)
style
n. fashion 時(shí)髦
poll
n. survey of public opinion by putting questions to a representative selection of persons 民意測驗(yàn)
admit
v. state or agree to the truth of; confess 承認(rèn)，供認(rèn)
admission
n.
temptation
n. the act of tempting or being tempted 引誘;誘惑
peek
vi. look (at sth.) quickly, esp. when one should not 偷看
behavio(u)r
n. way of behaving 行為
behave
v.
indication
n. sign or suggestion 跡象
competency
n. ability; being competent 能力;勝任
diploma
n. official paper showing that a person has successfully finished a course of study or passed an examination 文憑
corresponding
a. matching 相應(yīng)的
criminal
a. of crime
misdemeano(u)r
n. crime that is less serious than, for example, stealing of murder 輕罪
charge
n. accusation 指控
possess
n. have, own 占有，擁有
advance
a. made available before the date of general publication or release 預(yù)先的
regent
n. member of a governing board (學(xué)校董事會的)董事
drop
vt. give up; discontinue 放棄;革除
traditional
a. of or according to tradition 傳統(tǒng)的
tradition
n.
requirement
n. sth. required; sth. demanded as a condition 要求;必要條件
prewritten
a. written beforehand; written in advance
psychology
n. science of the mind 心理學(xué)
psychological
a.
launch
vt. start, set going 發(fā)起;發(fā)動
campaign
n. series of planned activities for some special purpose 運(yùn)動
file
vi. march or move in a line 排成縱隊(duì)行進(jìn)
exit
n. way out of a place 出口(處)
proctor
n. 臨考人
ID card
n. identity card 身份證
dorm
n. (short for) dormitory 宿舍
mug
n. the face or mouth
shot
n. a single photograph
mug shot
n. (sl.) photograph of a persons face, used for purposes of identification 面部照片
ringer
n. any person who pretends to be another 冒名頂替者
applaud
vt. praise esp. by striking ones hands to gether 拍手稱贊
campus
n. university; the grounds of a university, college, or school 大學(xué);校園
editorial
n. leading article 社論
arrest
vt. seize (sb.) in the name of the law 逮捕
speeder
n. person who drives an automobile at a higher speed than is lawful 違法超速駕駛者
intent
n. purpose; intention
frequently
ad. at short intervals, often 頻繁地
overcharge
vt. charge too much 對...要價(jià)太高
customer
n. person who buys goods from a shop, esp. regularly 顧客
myth
n. 神話
unlike
prep. not like, different from
cherry
n. 櫻桃
biographer
n. person who writes about another persons life 傳記作家
ax(e)
n. 斧子
character
n. mental or moral qualities that make one person, race, etc. different from others 性格，品質(zhì)
moral
a. concerning principles of right of wrong 道德的
reinforce
vt. encourage of strengthen 加強(qiáng)
tax
n. 稅，稅款
clue
n. sth. that helps to find an answer to a question 線索
check-out
n. desk where one pays the bill of the goods one has chosen 結(jié)帳處
supermarket
n. large shop where one serves oneself with food and goods 超級市場
overnight
a. for or during the night 住一夜的;一整夜的
inn
n. small hotel 小旅館，客棧
towel
n. 毛巾
vast
a. very big
numerous
a. many
watch-dog
a. organized or acting as a watchful guardian, esp. against unlawful practice 起監(jiān)督作用的
dishonesty
n. the quality of being dishonest
reveal
vt. make known 揭露
evidence
n. sign or proof 證據(jù)
ebb
vi. (of the tide) flow back from the land to the sea; grow less; become weak or faint 落潮;低落，衰退
flow
vi. (of the tide) come in; rise; run or spread smoothly (潮)漲;上升;流
incident
n. event; happening 事件
theft
n. (the act of, an instance of) stealing
tend
vi. have a tendency 易于，往往會
link
vt. join or connect 連接;聯(lián)系
economy
n. 經(jīng)濟(jì)
anyway
ad. at all; in any case 究竟;無論如何
tempt
vt. attract (sb.) to do sth. wrong or foolish 引誘
system
n. 體制;制度
systematic
a.
distrust
n. lack of trust; mistrust 不信任，懷疑
contagious
a. tending to spread easily from person to person 傳染的
內(nèi)容詳解3：
out of style
no longer fashionable 過時(shí)的，不再流行
according to
as stated or shown by; in a way that agrees with 按照，根據(jù)
(be) faced with
面對
be hard on
對...過分嚴(yán)厲
on the rise
increasing steadily 在增長;在加劇
a case in point
a very good example 恰當(dāng)?shù)睦?/p>
all but
all except 除了...都
(be) different from
unlike, not the same as 與...不同
think of ... as
regard as
in the case of
就...來說,至于
come to
arrive at a particular state or position 變成(某種狀態(tài))
lie in
exist in 在于
on the other hand
from the opposed point of view 另一方面,反過來說
at ones best
in as good a state as possible 處于最佳狀態(tài)
go up
rise; increase 上升;增加
go down
fall; decrease 下降;減少
內(nèi)容詳解4：
UNIT 3
TEXT
Jefferson died long ago， but may of his ideas still of great interest to us.
Lessons from Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson， the third President of the United States， may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln， but most people remember at last one fact about him： he wrote the Declaration of Independence.
Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago， there is much that we learn from him today. Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Here are some of the things he said and wrote：
Go and see. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important. When still a young man， he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. While the other members of the committee sat in the state capitol and studied papers on the subject， Jefferson got into a canoe and made on-the-spot-observations.
You can learn from everyone. By birth and by education Jefferson belonged to the highest social class. Yet， in a day when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order， Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners， servants， and waiters. Jefferson once said to the French nobleman， Lafayette， "You must go into the peoples homes as I have done， look into their cooking pots and eat their bread. If you will only do this， you may find out why people are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is threatening France."
Judge for yourself. Jefferson refused to accept other peoples opinions without careful thought. "Neither believe nor reject anything，" he wrote to his nephew， "because any other person has rejected or believed it. Heaved has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it."
Jefferson felt that the people "may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false， and to form a correct judgment. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government， I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter."
Do what you believe is right. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas， and this is a source of strength. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criticism， he never answered his critics. He expressed his philosophy in letters to a friend， "There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and on it with effect， those who take the other side will of course resent your actions."
Trust the future； trust the young. Jefferson felt that the present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness. "No society，" he said， "can make a perpetual constitution， or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs to the living generation." He did not fear new ideas， nor did he fear the future. "How much pain，" he remarked， "has been caused by evils which have never happened！ I expect the best， not the worst. I steer my ship with hope， leaving fear behind."
Jeffersons courage and idealism were based on knowledge. He probably knew more than any other man of his age. He was an expert in agriculture， archeology， and medicine. He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice， and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. He influenced architecture throughout America， and he was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.
Of all Jeffersons many talents， one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer. His complete works， now being published for the first time， will fill more than fifty volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered， and when the time came to write the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776， the task of writing it was his. Millions have thrilled to his words： "We hold these truths to be self-evident， that all men are created equal…"
When Jefferson died on July 4， 1826， the 50th anniversary of American independence， he left his countrymen a rich legacy of ideas and examples. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson， Who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free.
PHRASES & EXPRESSIONS
go out of ones way （to do sth.）
take particular trouble； make a special effort 特地
leave……to
leave sb. in charge of 交托，委托
act on
act according to 按照……行事
leave behind
abandon； fall to take or bring 丟棄；留下，忘帶
in existence
existing 存在
above all
most important of all 首先，尤其是
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