2016年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)理工類(lèi)概括大意試題
Maglev Trains
1 A few countries are using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation 1 , which means that these trains float over a guide way using the basic principles of magnets to
replace the old steel wheel and track trains.
2 If you’ve ever played with magnets, you know that opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other2. This is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion. Electromagnets are similar to other magnets in that they attract metal objects, but the magnetic pull is temporary. You can easily create a small electromagnet yourself by connecting the ends of a copper wire to the positive and negative ends of an AA—cell battery3. This creates a small magnetic field. If you disconnect either end of the wire from the battery, the magnetic field is taken away.
3 The magnetic field created in this wire-and-battery experiment is the simple idea behind a maglev train rail system. There are three components to this system: A large electrical power source, metal coils lining a guide way or track, and large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the train.
4 The big difference between a maglev train and a conventional train is that maglev trains do not have an engine — at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks4. The engine for maglev trains is rather innoticeable. Instead of using fossil fuels, the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combines to propel the trains5.
5 The magnetized coil running along the track, called a guideway, repels the large magnets on the train’s undercarriage, allowing the train to levitate between 1 to 10 cm above the guideway. Once the train is levitated, power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push th train along the guideway. The electric current supplied to the coils in the guideway walls is constantly alternating to change the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.
6 Maglev trains float on a cushion of air’ , eliminating friction. This lack of friction allows these trains to reach unprecedented ground transportation speeds of more than 500 kph, or twice as fast as the fastest conventional train. At 500 kph, you could travel from Paris to Rome in just over two hours.
詞匯：懸浮electrified v.使帶電 n. 懸浮magnetize v. 使帶磁 導(dǎo)向槽line v.排列成行 推進(jìn)underside n.下側(cè)，下面 n.推進(jìn) undercarriage n.車(chē)盤(pán)
注釋?zhuān)?/p>
1. Maglev is short for magnetic levitation :maglev 是 magnetic levitation 的 縮略詞。
2. opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other:異極相吸，同極相斥
3. AA—cell battery:5 號(hào)電池
4. at least not the kind of engine used to pull typical train cars along steel tracks:至少不是沿著軌道拉動(dòng)典型的火車(chē)車(chē)廂的那種發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。
5. the magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combine to propel the train:由嵌入導(dǎo)向壁內(nèi)的電磁線圈產(chǎn)生的磁場(chǎng)加 上軌道，一起推動(dòng)火車(chē)前進(jìn)。The magnetic field和the track是句子主語(yǔ)，created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls 是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，用作定語(yǔ)，修飾 the magnetic field.
練習(xí)：
1. Paragraph 3
2. Paragraph 4
3. Paragraph 5
4. Paragraph 6
A The Main Components of the Maglev Train System B High-speed Maglev due to Zero Friction C The Working Principle of the Maglev Train D Differences between Polarity and Magnetic Field E Comparison of Maglev Trains with Traditional Ones F Maglev with a Powerful Motor
5. Several countries in the world are using strong electromagnets
6. You can connect a wire to the positive and negative ends of a battery
7. A unique system of magnetic fields is created by the coils
8. The frictionless maglev train enables you A to develop a maglev train rail system
B To explain why maglev trains are faster
C to pull and push the train forward
D to create a magnetic field
E to experiment with the maglev train
F to travel from Paris to Rome in about two hours
答案與題解：
1. A第三段了舉了磁浮列車(chē)的三個(gè)組成部分，動(dòng)力源、金屬線圈和此貼。選項(xiàng)A概括 了第三段列的內(nèi)容。
2. E第四段就磁浮列車(chē)和傳統(tǒng)火車(chē)進(jìn)行了比較：磁浮列車(chē)沒(méi)有發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)而傳統(tǒng)火車(chē)有發(fā) 動(dòng)機(jī)。選項(xiàng)C用comparsion來(lái)概括是準(zhǔn)確的。
3. C第五段比較詳細(xì)的介紹了為什么磁浮列車(chē)會(huì)向前運(yùn)動(dòng)，也就揭示了磁浮列車(chē)的工作原理。
4. B在第五段解釋了磁浮列車(chē)浮起和向前運(yùn)動(dòng)的原理之后，作者在第六段中進(jìn)行了磁 浮列車(chē)速度奇快的原因：去除了傳統(tǒng)火車(chē)的車(chē)輪于鐵軌的摩擦。
5. A選A的依據(jù)是本文第一段第一句：A few countries using powerful electromagnets to develop high-speed trains, called maglev trains.
6. D第二段說(shuō)，把電線與干電池相連接就能產(chǎn)生一個(gè)小磁場(chǎng)，而磁浮列車(chē)的運(yùn)動(dòng)原理與 此相同。第二段第四句是選擇D的依據(jù)。
7. C 第五段的第二句，即 “0nce the train is levitated， power is supplied to the coils within the guideway walls to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the guideway” ，是選擇 c 的依據(jù)。
8. F本文最后一句舉出坐上時(shí)速500公里的磁浮列車(chē)從巴黎到羅馬只需約2小時(shí)這個(gè)例 子來(lái)說(shuō)明磁浮列車(chē)速度之快。
譯文：磁懸浮列車(chē)
一些國(guó)家正在使用強(qiáng)有力的額電磁體發(fā)展高速列車(chē)，這種列車(chē)叫作磁懸浮列車(chē)。Maglev 是磁懸浮的縮略詞，它意味著這些列車(chē)漂浮在導(dǎo)向槽上，導(dǎo)向槽是使用磁鐵的基本原理來(lái)替 換原來(lái)的鋼輪子和鋼軌道的列車(chē)。
如果你曾經(jīng)玩過(guò)磁鐵，你知道異極相吸，同極相斥的道理。這是電磁式推進(jìn)背后的基 本原理。電磁體與其他磁鐵在吸引金屬物品方面是一樣的，但是電磁力是暫時(shí)的。你能通過(guò) 銅絲連接一節(jié)5號(hào)電池的正負(fù)極很容易地自己創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)小的電磁體。這就創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)小磁 場(chǎng)。如果你從電池分開(kāi)導(dǎo)線的任意一個(gè)末端，磁場(chǎng)就消失。
這個(gè)導(dǎo)線和電池實(shí)驗(yàn)創(chuàng)造的磁場(chǎng)是磁懸浮列車(chē)系統(tǒng)背后的簡(jiǎn)單想法。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)有三個(gè)成 分：一個(gè)大電能來(lái)源、金屬卷排列成導(dǎo)向槽或軌道和附著在列車(chē)下面的大的導(dǎo)電磁體。
磁懸浮列車(chē)和傳統(tǒng)列車(chē)之間的一個(gè)很大的大區(qū)別是磁懸浮列車(chē)沒(méi)有發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)一一至少不 是沿著軌道拉動(dòng)典型的火車(chē)車(chē)廂的那種發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。磁懸浮列車(chē)的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)相當(dāng)不顯眼。代替礦物 燃料的使用，由嵌入導(dǎo)向壁內(nèi)的電磁線圈產(chǎn)生的磁場(chǎng)加上軌道，一起推動(dòng)火車(chē)前進(jìn)。
導(dǎo)向槽是沿著軌道延伸的帶磁性的線圈。它排斥在列車(chē)的車(chē)盤(pán)上的大磁鐵，允許列車(chē)在 導(dǎo)向槽之上1一10cm之間懸浮。一旦列車(chē)被懸浮，就把力量供給在導(dǎo)向槽墻體之內(nèi)的線卷來(lái) 創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)單獨(dú)的磁場(chǎng)系統(tǒng)，沿著導(dǎo)向槽推拉列車(chē)。在導(dǎo)向槽墻體內(nèi)供給線圈的電流不斷交 替改變被磁化的線卷的極性。在極性上的變化造成了列車(chē)前面的磁場(chǎng)向前拉動(dòng)列車(chē)，而在列 車(chē)后面的磁場(chǎng)增加更多向前推力。
磁懸浮列車(chē)漂浮在氣墊上來(lái)減少摩擦。這種缺乏摩擦(的狀態(tài))讓這些列車(chē)超過(guò)500kph 的速度，(這個(gè)速度)是地面交通工具史無(wú)前例的速度，或者是最快的傳統(tǒng)列車(chē)兩倍的速度。 500kph，你可能用剛好超過(guò)兩個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間從巴黎旅行到羅馬。
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