英語中的句子成分
導(dǎo)語:一說起句子,大家可能都會(huì)想到,句子有什么難的,把單詞羅列到一起,按照相應(yīng)的語法規(guī)則進(jìn)行排列和詞形變換,能夠表達(dá)出自己想要說的內(nèi)容含義,不就是一個(gè)句子了嘛。話是這么說,可是關(guān)于句子的知識(shí),我們又掌握了多少呢?下面我們就從幾個(gè)方面,來全方位的進(jìn)行掃盲,讓我們重新認(rèn)識(shí)下在高中階段,我們所能學(xué)到的有關(guān)于句子的相關(guān)知識(shí)。
一、最重要的句子成分。
到目前為止,好多學(xué)生在已經(jīng)學(xué)過了9年英語后,還分不清英語中的句子成分。這樣會(huì)在高中進(jìn)行句子成分分析時(shí),造成弄不懂成分,從而不能正確理解句子含義以及判斷句子成分;蛘呤窃谧鲱}時(shí)由于句子成分分析不恰當(dāng),不能夠選擇出正確的答案。下面,我們就對(duì)在英語中所出現(xiàn)的各種句子成分進(jìn)行說明
1.主語Subject
Ilike English.I 就是主語。
所謂的主語,就是一句話的中心,主題,或者是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,最簡單的記憶方法,句子的主語就是位于動(dòng)詞前的那個(gè)詞。
都有哪些詞能充當(dāng)句子的主語呢?分別為名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、主語從句。(n./ pron./ num./ infinitive/ gerund/ subject clause)
e.g.
N.Leois a good English teacher.
Pron.Heis very handsome and humorous.
Num.Sixis his lucky number.
Infinitive.To teach English wellis his life goal.
Gerund.Teaching students English betteris also his gaol.
Subject CLause.That he loves Englishis known by all of peopel.
2. 謂語 Predicate
I like English. like 就是謂語。
所謂的謂語,就是句子中的動(dòng)詞,一個(gè)英語的句子中必須要有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞。在英語中動(dòng)詞分為兩類,一類為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,我們用do來代替,一類為系動(dòng)詞,用be來代替.同時(shí)在系動(dòng)詞這一部分,我們還引入了半系動(dòng)詞的含義,及有些動(dòng)詞既可以做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,也可以當(dāng)作系動(dòng)詞使用。比如說感官動(dòng)詞(feel, look, taste, smell)等。
IteachEnglish. teach表達(dá)具體的含義,就為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。
Iaman English teacher. am 就是系動(dòng)詞。
The flower smells good.
3. 賓語 Object
I like English. English就是賓語。
所謂的賓語,就是在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后的成分,就是這個(gè)動(dòng)作的承受者,表達(dá)這個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。簡單點(diǎn)說,所謂的賓語就是在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后面的.那個(gè)詞。那么都有哪些詞可以充當(dāng)句子的賓語成分呢?分別為名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、賓語從句(n./ pron./ num./ infinitive/ gerund/ object clause)也就是說,能放在動(dòng)詞前面的,也能放在動(dòng)詞的后面。
e.g.
N. Leo teachesEnglish.
Pron. He is always ready to helpothers.
Num. We don't need so many people. We only needsix.
Infinitive. Rememberto let your child love English.
Gerund. Please stopblaming your children.
Object Clause. Do you understandwhat I mean?
4. 表語 Predicative
I am an English teacher. an English teacher就是表語。
所謂的表語,就是在系動(dòng)詞Be后面的成分。在句子中用來表明主語的狀態(tài),身份,性格,特征,類屬等。簡單點(diǎn)說,表語就是系動(dòng)詞后面的內(nèi)容。可以由以下幾類詞來充當(dāng)表語:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞及介詞短語、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、表語從句等。(n./ pron./ num./ adj./ adv./ prep./ infinitive./ gerund/ participle/ predicative clause)
e.g.
N. I am ateacher.
Pron. My wife is someone important in my life.
Num. My lucky number is six.
Adj. You are beautiful.
Adv. Class was over al last.
Prep. They are at work now.
The book is on the desk.
Infinitive. My job is to teach English.
Gerund. My job is teaching English.
Participle. The book is interesting.
I am surprised to see you here.
Predicative Clause. The fact is that you can learn English well.
以上四種句子成分為一個(gè)完整的英文句子中必須要有的內(nèi)容,所以在寫完一個(gè)句子后,我們要看一下,動(dòng)詞有沒有,有幾個(gè),正常情況下應(yīng)該是一句話只有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,我們是按照動(dòng)詞的個(gè)數(shù)來查句子個(gè)數(shù)的。(沒有連詞的情況下)動(dòng)詞前后是不是也有相應(yīng)的成分。如果有,則句子的書寫是正確的,如果沒有,看看少了什么,該怎么加進(jìn)去。
5. 定語 Attributive
This is a red apple. red 就是定語。
所謂的定語,就是用來修飾句子中的名詞或代詞的,起限定修飾作用的句子成分。定語分為兩類,前置定語和后置定語,放在修飾詞前面的就是前置,放在后面的就是后置。可以由以下幾類詞來充當(dāng)定語:名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、不定式、副詞、介詞、定語從句(n./ adj./ pron./ num./ gerund/ participle/infinitive/ adv./ prep./ attributive clause)等。
e.g.
N. This is my school bag. 名詞做定語通常用來表示用途。
Adj. My wife is a beautiful woman. 形容詞做定語通常表示狀態(tài),屬性等。
I have something interesting to tell you. 修飾不定代詞時(shí),后置
Pron. Put up your hands and follow my step. 通常為形容詞型物主代詞來做定語。
Num. She cut the cake into two pieces.
Gerund. I need a walking stick. 動(dòng)名詞做定語表示用途。
Participle. You should adapt to the changing situation.
The ground is covered with fallen leaves. 單個(gè)的分詞做定語前置。
I like the meal cooked by my mum.
There is a man asking to see you. 分詞短語作定語后置。
Infinitive. Let's try another way to do this.
Adv. The buildings around were badly damaged.
Prep. The books on the desk are bought for my son.
Attributive Clause. He lost the pen that he bought last week.
6. 狀語。Adverbial
I like English very much. very much就是句子中的狀語。
狀語是用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或句子的一種成分。在英語中有十種狀語,分別為時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),方式,比較,原因,目的,結(jié)果,條件,讓步,程度。充當(dāng)狀語的有:名詞、副詞、形容詞、介詞及短語、不定式、分詞及狀語從句等(n./ adv./ adj./ prep./ infinitive/ participle/ adverbial clause)。
e.g.
N. I went to Shanghai last month.
Adv. He rans very fast.
Put you coat here.
Adj. I went home late, tired and hungry.
Prep. Don't step on the grass.
Infinitive. To study English well, you should do much exercises.
Participle. Seen from space, the earth looks like a huge water covered globe.
The teacher came into the classroom, holding a book in his arms.
Adverbial Clases. If you want to study English well, you should do much exercises.
7. 補(bǔ)語 Complement
I found English usuful. usuful 就是補(bǔ)語。
所謂的補(bǔ)語,就是用來補(bǔ)充說明賓語或主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等的一種句子成分。補(bǔ)充說明賓語的叫做賓語補(bǔ)足語,補(bǔ)充說明主語的叫主語補(bǔ)足語。補(bǔ)語什么時(shí)候會(huì)出現(xiàn),跟動(dòng)詞的選擇有關(guān)。以下幾類詞可以做補(bǔ)語:名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式和分詞(n./ adj./ adv./ prep./ infinitive/ participle)等。
N. We all call him Leo.
Adj. We all find English usuful.
Adv. Will you please invite all of them in?
Prep. These things should be kept in the box.
Infinitive. The mother didn't allpwed her daughter to go out alone at night.
Participle. He was once again found wandering along the city street.
When he arrived, he found all the people gone.
8. 同位語 Appositive
He, leo is an English teacher. Leo就是同位語。
所謂的同位語,是對(duì)句子中某一成分作進(jìn)一步的解釋說明,與前面的名詞或代詞在語法上處于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位語。常位于被說明的詞后?捎
名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞及同位語從句(n./pron./num./appositive clause)等來充當(dāng)。
N. We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American.
Pron. They each can get a chance to travel by air.
Num. Are you three ready to start out?
Appositive Clause. The fact that Enlish is very important is known by more and more people.
以上四種句子成分雖然說不是在一個(gè)句子里必須出現(xiàn)的,但是為了我們的表意清楚,是應(yīng)該加上一些限定的,所以這四種句子成分的出現(xiàn)會(huì)讓我們的句子表述更加清晰明確。因此,在寫作的過程中,我們應(yīng)該注意多把這四種句子成分加入到我們的寫作中。
9. 插入語
Nobody knows it, I say, nobody. I say就是插入語。
所謂的插入語,就是有一個(gè)詞或短語甚至可以是一個(gè)句子來充當(dāng),作為一個(gè)補(bǔ)充說明或想法的表達(dá)。通常前后都有“,”隔開,或是用括號(hào)標(biāo)記。
插入語不作為句法中的考查成分,但是有時(shí)候插入語會(huì)干擾我們對(duì)于句子成分的分析判斷,所以,在涉及有插入語的句子成分時(shí),可以把它刪掉,并不影響我們對(duì)于整個(gè)句子的理解。
10. 呼語
Ladies and gentlemen, I have something important to tell.
You, stand up!
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