2016年職稱英語(yǔ)考試復(fù)習(xí)最全的單詞記憶法
詞匯選擇是職稱英語(yǔ)中第一個(gè)考試項(xiàng)目, 它考察應(yīng)試者在一定語(yǔ)境下對(duì)單詞或短語(yǔ)的理解。從表面上，這是詞匯的考題，實(shí)際上這是一種最簡(jiǎn)單的閱讀理解題。這里要給大家澄清一個(gè)概念，任何一種語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)義最小單元是句子，而不是詞。但是詞匯或短語(yǔ)的理解對(duì)于句子的理解起著重要的作用。
詞匯不足的人在英文聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫各方面的能力都會(huì)受到嚴(yán)重限制。一般大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為背單詞既吃力，又成效不大。實(shí)際上，若能采用適當(dāng)?shù)姆椒�，不僅可以縮短擴(kuò)大詞匯量所需的時(shí)間，并且能提高記憶單詞的質(zhì)量。下面在本課的第一部分向大家推薦六種單詞記憶法，僅供參考。
一、結(jié)合記憶法
將比較生疏，不常用的單詞放入一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境——句子中，結(jié)合句意來(lái)記憶單詞。遇到此單詞時(shí)，若詞義忘記，則可通過(guò)回憶所在句子的意思來(lái)記憶單詞。例如：
slope
n. ①傾斜;坡度;斜度
There is always a certain slope in a ship's deck. 船的甲板總有幾分傾斜。
�、谛泵�;斜坡
We climbed the steep slope of the hill. 我們爬了那座陡峭的斜坡。
vi. 傾斜。
The railroad slopes up slightly at this point. 鐵路在此處有輕微的傾斜。
critical
adj. ①批評(píng)(性)的`，吹毛求疵的
I don't like people who are too critical about everything. 我不喜歡對(duì)每件事都太吹毛求疵的人。
�、诰o要的，關(guān)鍵的;危急的
His condition is reported as being very critical. 據(jù)報(bào)告他的情況非常危急。
通過(guò)此法來(lái)掌握詞匯，既有助于記住單詞本身的拼寫、拼讀，又可同時(shí)熟悉詞的詞義、詞性、用法和搭配，比孤立地背記單詞效果要好。
二、同類記憶法
將同類詞匯收集在一起，同時(shí)背記。注意，同類詞匯與同義詞不同：同義詞是指意思相同，而同類詞是指基本屬性相同、具體意義的層次，級(jí)別或范圍不同的一類詞匯。
如headmaster和principal是同義詞，都表示，“中小學(xué)校長(zhǎng)”;president和chancellor是同義詞，都表示大專院校“校長(zhǎng)”。這兩組詞是同類詞匯，都表示“校長(zhǎng)”，但具體級(jí)別不同，所以兩組詞不是同義詞。
再如bachelor(學(xué)士)、master(碩士),doctor (博士)三個(gè)詞都表示學(xué)位授予的情況，但具體級(jí)別不同，所以這三個(gè)詞也是一組同類詞匯。
這樣，將同類詞匯放在一起記憶，當(dāng)遇到其中一個(gè)詞時(shí)，頭腦中出現(xiàn)的就是一組詞，效率大大提高了。
三、比較記憶法
把同義詞或形似詞放在一起，加以區(qū)別。記憶的過(guò)程是一組組，一對(duì)對(duì)單詞同時(shí)記憶。職稱英語(yǔ)中有很大一部分都是對(duì)同義詞或近義詞的考察，需要平時(shí)進(jìn)行記憶和積累。
例題1：The researchers have just completed a study of driving situations.
A. started
B. finished
C. changed
D. made
答案：B
例題2：Michael is now merely a good friend.
A. largely
B. possibly
C. just
D. rarely
答案：C
Merely/ only/ just
四、構(gòu)詞法記憶法
通過(guò)掌握構(gòu)詞法來(lái)記憶單詞。英語(yǔ)主要有三種構(gòu)詞法：
1)轉(zhuǎn)化，即由一個(gè)詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一個(gè)詞類。例如：
picture (n)畫-picture (v)描繪
water (n)水-water (v)澆水
例題1： He has trouble understanding that other people judge him by his social skills and conduct.
A. behavior
B. style
C. mode
D. attitude
答案：A
解釋：
Conduct (v.)引導(dǎo)，管理，為人，傳導(dǎo)
Conduct (n.)操守，行為
Conductor (n.)列車員，售票員，指揮者，導(dǎo)體等
Semi-conductor 半導(dǎo)體
例題2：The ice is not thick enough to bear the weight of a tank.(2004年職稱英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類C級(jí))
A. suffer
B. accept
C. receive
D. endure
答案：D
解釋：
bear (n.)熊
bear (v.)負(fù)擔(dān), 忍受, 帶給, 具有, 擠
2)派生，即通過(guò)加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另一個(gè)詞，例如：
happy→ unhappy(加前綴) happiness(加后綴)
例題1： The workers in that factory manufacture furniture. (2003年職稱英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類C級(jí))
A. promote
B. paint
C. polish
D. produce
答案：D
例題2： Even in a highly modernized country, manual work is a still needed. (2003年職稱英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類C級(jí))
A. mental
B. physical
C. natural
D. hard
答案：B
man-, manu- =hand
manage(管理)， manual(體力的，手冊(cè))， manuscript(手寫稿)， manufacture(生產(chǎn))， manumit(釋放)
例題3：About one million Americans are diagnosed，annually with skin cancer. (2004年職稱英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類C級(jí))
A. every year
B. severely
C. actively
D. every month
答案：A
Ann= year
Anniversaire (French)
Anniversary, annals(編年史), annuity(年金)
3)合成，即由兩個(gè)或更多的詞合成一個(gè)詞。例如：
wood(木) cut(刻)→ woodcut(木刻)
pea(豌豆) nuts(堅(jiān)果)→ peanut(花生)
例題1： In the latter case the outcome can be serious indeed.
A. judgement
B. result
C. decision
D. event
答案：B
五、根義記憶法
利用根義代替記憶多義，可以解決“沒(méi)有生詞”卻老讀不懂的問(wèn)題。
比如要問(wèn)immediate(ly)是否已記住，回答當(dāng)然是肯定的。那么就請(qǐng)看下面三個(gè)“沒(méi)有生詞”的片段：
a) The woman walks immediately behind the car.
b) She is my immediate neighbor.
c) the immediate cause
若沒(méi)有讀懂，那么就請(qǐng)看immediate(ly)根義
中間沒(méi)有間隔(地)
1)(時(shí)間)立刻;
2)(空間)緊挨，通接，緊跟，
3)(關(guān)系)直接
例題1：He will leave immediately.
A. far away
B. right away
C. right here
D. soon
答案：B
例題2：Can you follow the plot?
A. change (www.yingyukaoshi.com0
B. investigate
C. understand
D. write
答案：C
請(qǐng)看下面幾句中的follow 分別都是什么意思?
She went into the building, followed by a group of students.
The teacher says that everybody should follow the rule here.
I'm sorry, but I can't follow you.
六、幾組對(duì)容易混淆詞進(jìn)行特別記憶
(1)有些字可當(dāng)形容詞又可當(dāng)副詞,例如： early; past; half; long; straight; fast; hard; quick; deep; slow; pretty; awful; wrong; right; high; late; hourly; early; weekly; etc.
We had an early breakfast. (形容詞)
We went by a fast train. (形容詞)
We had breakfast early. (副詞)
Don't speak so fast.(副詞)
(2)有些形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~, 可在字尾加ly, 也可以不加, 不過(guò)在字義上不同。
(A) easy “安適地”; easily “容易地”：
Stand easy!
He's not easily satisfied.
(B) clear ( = completely “完全地”; clearly“顯然地”;)
The bullet went clear through the door.
The thieves got clearly away.
(C) high “高”; highly “很;非常”;
The birds are flying high.
He was highly praised for his work.
(D) Slow 和 slowly當(dāng)副詞時(shí)同義, 但 slow比 slowly語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng).
I told the driver to go slow(er).
Drive slowly round these bends in the road.
(E) hard “辛苦地”; hardly “幾乎不”;
He works hard. (= He is a hard worker.)
He hardly does anything nowadays. (= He does very little nowadays.)
(F) just “剛才;僅”; justly “公正地”;
I've just seen him.
He was justly punished.
(G) late “遲”; lately (= recently)“最近地”;
He went to bed late.
I haven't seen Mr. Green lately.
(H) Pretty (= fairly, moderately)“十分，頗”; prettily (= in a pretty way, attractively)“漂亮地”;
The situation seems pretty hopeless.
She was prettily dressed.
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