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英語派生詞的構(gòu)成
派生詞是英語主要的構(gòu)詞法之一。此方法是借前綴或后綴之助，制造出派生詞，主要有名詞、形容詞和動(dòng)詞三種。下面小編向大家介紹英語的派生詞，希望對你有用！
英語中的派生詞的構(gòu)成主要有三種：合成(由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞合成的單詞);派生(指一個(gè)詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成的單詞);轉(zhuǎn)化(一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種或幾種詞性的單詞)。
一、前綴：通常變詞意，不變詞性
1. dis- 表示意義相反，主要用在動(dòng)詞之前，間或用于名詞或形容詞前。如：
appear (v.出現(xiàn)) → disappear (v.消失),
dislike不喜 discover發(fā)現(xiàn)
disobey不遵從 disbelieve 不相信
dishonest不誠實(shí)的 disadvantage (n.) 不利條件，缺點(diǎn)
2. in-, im-, un-, il-, ir-用在形容詞前，表示否定意義。如：
indirectin correctin active impossible unableunhealthy unsuccessful uncommon unpleasant unfortunate irregular illegal invisible
3. re- 表示“重新，再”， 用在動(dòng)詞前。
rebuild 重新建造recycle再循環(huán) reconsider 重新考慮 review 復(fù)習(xí)
二、后綴：通常變詞性，不變詞意。
I.形容詞后綴
1. -able (n./v.→adj.)表示“可以……的;顯示……性質(zhì)”。 如：
respectable acceptable comfortable valuable fashionable loveable
2. -ful (n./v.→adj.) 表示“充滿……的”。 如：
beautiful successful wonderful mouthful 滿嘴的 shameful 可恥的 hopeful 充滿希望的
3. -less (n.→adj.) 表示“沒有……的”。如：英語中的派生詞
jobless 無業(yè)的 cordless 無線的 homeless helpless 無助的
4. -ous (n.→adj.)表示“具有……性質(zhì)的”。 如：
nervous famous dangerous poisonous mountainous humorous
5. -y (n.→adj.)
funny 滑稽的sunny 陽光明媚的cloudy 多云的 wealthy 富有的
6. -ly (adj.→adv. / n.→adj.)
nervouslynoisily finally quietly lovely friendly fatherly 父親般的 manly 有男子氣概的 yearly 每年的
7. 其它形式：-ish, -ic, -ical, -ive, -al (n.→adj.)
accidental foolish basicmedical scientific expensive selfish personal educational political progressive
II.名詞后綴
1. -er 表示人或物。 如：
speaker passenger fire fire-fighterowner
2. -or (v.→n.)表示人，置于動(dòng)詞之后。
competitor 競爭者 director 董事editor 編輯 operator 接線員
3. -ist表示“從事……者”。 如：
chemist 化學(xué)家journalist 記者typist 打字員 scientist 科學(xué)家
4. -ness (adj.→n.)表示性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)。
business darkness weakness www.yingyuyufa.com
5. -ment (v.→n.) 表示方式，結(jié)果，狀態(tài)。
agreement disappointment announcement treatment employment encouragement
6. -dom 表示狀況，領(lǐng)域。 如：
freedom wisdomkingdom
7. 其它形式：-th，-ty，-ence (ance)
death length width truth honesty difficulty ability poverty importance performance silence difference
III.動(dòng)詞后綴
1. -fy (n./adj.→v.) 表示“使成為，使……進(jìn)入狀態(tài)”。 如：
beautifyhorrify specify purify
2. -is(z)e (adj./n.→v.)表示“使成為，使……化”。如：
memorize apologize realize modernize
3. -en表示“使……”，置于形容詞或名詞之后，也可以置于形容詞之前作前綴。如：
widen 拓寬blacken 染黑enlarge 擴(kuò)大enrich 使豐富 encourage 鼓勵(lì)
拓展：常見的短語搭配
1 WITH
(1)v+with
(a) v+with
begin, mix, agree, deal, fight, meet, play, quarrel, do, fool, reason, correspond, comply, settle,
(b) v + sth (sb) + with + sth (sb)
compare, provide, supply, feed, replace, combine, equip, furnish,
(2)adj+with
angry, strict, pleased, busy, covered, satisfied, filled, wrong, wild, crowded, connected, popular, covered, patient, annoyed, acquainted, delighted, confronted, content, friendly, identical, frank, concerned, bored, afflicted, associated, blended, burdened, comparable, consistent, disappointed, displeased, endowed, enraged, exhausted, familiar, gifted, impatient, infested, intimate, irritated, level, moved, occupied, overcome, popular, satisfied, vexed
(3) n+with
acquaintance, alliance, trouble, talk, chat, connection, consultation, conversation, sympathy,
2 AT
(1)v+at
aim, point, snatch, wonder, strike, work, look, glance, laugh, run, catch, shoot, stare, glare, thrust, smile, call, fire, tear, knock, winder, arrive, come, gasp,
(2)adj+at
amused, delighted, angry, good, surprised, astonished, pleased, terrified, clever, alarmed, astonished, clumsy, disgusted, impatient, quick, startled, surprised,
(3)n+at
knock, pull, look, glance, smile, game, astonishment, surprise, alarm,
3 IN
(1)v+in
get, lie, turn, draw, believe, share, take, drop, give, call, hand, succeed, bring, result, trade, involve, check, count, cut, indulge, pour, participate, intervene, fill,join, confide, trust, believe, persist, consist,
(b) V+sb(sth)+in
help, spend
(2)adj+in
rich, interested, active, disappointed, engaged, busy, weak, expert, successful, absorbed, skilled, concerned, experienced, confident, employed,accurate, clothed, diligent, negligent, proficient, prompt, versed,
(3)n+in
interest, progress, satisfaction, faith, belief, confidence, response, pride, perseverance, harm, difficulty,pleasure, confidence, delight,
4 FROM(1)V+from
(a) V + from
learn, die, come, suffer, hear, fall, rise, hang, escape, date, depart, result, descend, refrain, abstain, differ, distinguish, derive, expel, conceal, judge
(b) V + sth ( sb) +from + sth ( sb or a place)
borrow, protect, receive, separate, keep, stop, prevent,deter, choose, remove, save, dissuade, excuse, restrain
(2)adj+from
different, far, tired, made, separate, absent, distinct, hidden, made,
(3)n+from
letter, visitor,absence, difference, protection, relief, rescue,
5 OF(1)V+of
(a) V+of
consist, dream, hear, tell, think, know, talk, die, speak
(b) V+sb+of+sth
rob, warn, inform, remind, accuse, cheat, convince, relieve, deprive,
(c) V+sth+of+sb
ask, beg, demand, require,
(2)adj+of
aware, careful, free, short, sure, certain, worthy, afraid, hopeful, proud, full, tired, made, capable, impatient, considerate, characteristic, guilty, capable, composed, jealous, ashamed, envious, ignorant, apprehensive, bare, cautious, clear, composed, conscious, descriptive, exclusive, forgetful, fond, hard, incapable, informed, innocent, made, mindful, neglectful, observant, possessed, productive, regardless, rid, sensible, sick, susceptible, weary
(3) n+of
quality, number, sample, choice, impression, neglect, attack, care, consideration, pleasure, doubt, way equivalence, possibility, example,
6 ON(1)v+on
(a) v+on
act, lean, live, work, depend, look, wait, turn, switch, pull, have, keep, call, put, push, speak, insist, push, collaborate, count, frown, reckon, speculate, figure, carry,
(b) V+sb(sth)+ON+sb(sth)
congratulate, spend, base, fix
(2)adj+on
hard, keen, dependent, based, impressed,
(3)n+on
book, discussion, lecture, advice, opinion, impression, attack, dependence, judgment, pity, mercy, authority
7 TO(1)v+to
(a) v+to
listen, stick, refer, turn, point, reply, occur, attend, see, lead, happen, come, get, write, hold, agree, belong, adapt, attribute, object, subscribe, adjust, accede, yield, resort, relate, respond, testify, succumb,
(b) v+to+sb
announce, describe, explain, express, mention, report, say, shout, suggest, whisper, speak, talk, nod,
(c) v+sth(sb)+sth(sb)
devote, compare, add, introduce, invite, leave, join, reduce, sentence, carry, take,
(2)adj+to
equal, opposed, true, familiar, close, near, kind, harmful, polite, rude, similar, useful, m
(3)n+to
key, answer, visitor, end, way, solution, traitor, attention, exception, gratitude, approach
8 FOR(1)v+for
(a)v+for
account, beg, hope, send, look, ask, long, pay, wish, wait, leave, fight, plan, prepare, care, stand, search, answer, run, call, bargain, inquire, press, apply, provide, apologize,grieve
(b)v+sb+for+sth
ask, blame, forgive, pardon, pay, praise, punish, reward, thank, excuse,
(2)adj+for
eager, bad, good, famous, fit, suitable, ready, sorry, grateful, useful, late, responsible, proper, crucial, competent, eligible, noted, renowned, appropriate, notorious, convenient, possible, profitable, liable, necessary,anxious, bound, eligible, impatient, liable, sufficient, uncared, unfit, zealous,
(3)n+for
plan, need, reason, explanation, ability, affection, excuse, ambition, anxiety, reputation, consideration, necessity, talent, sympathy, cause, pretext,qualification
9 ABOUT
(1)v+about
quarrel, agree, consult, complain, speak, bring, think, set, care, fumble, fuss, leave, move, lie, hear,speculate, inquire,
(2)adj+about
happy, anxious, nervous, cautious, careful, certain, excited, particular, pleased, concerned, enthusiastic,uneasy, troubled
(3)n+on
concern, anxiety, opinion, question
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