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如何翻譯法律文件中的長(zhǎng)句
做翻譯，最難處理的莫過(guò)于長(zhǎng)句。這里所謂的“長(zhǎng)句”，不單純就句子的長(zhǎng)度而言，而且是指語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜、從句和修飾語(yǔ)較多、包含的內(nèi)容層次在一個(gè)以上的句子。鑒于法律文件的目的、性質(zhì)和文體特征，其長(zhǎng)句出現(xiàn)的頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于其他文字作品，這就給法律翻譯造成了額外負(fù)擔(dān)。因此，可以這樣說(shuō)，正確理解和翻譯長(zhǎng)句，是法律翻譯成敗的要素之一。
翻譯長(zhǎng)句，首先要從語(yǔ)法分析入手理解句子的完整意思，而后在理解的基礎(chǔ)上將其意思用通順的漢語(yǔ)翻譯出來(lái)。以“導(dǎo)論”中0.3節(jié)所給的長(zhǎng)句為例，這個(gè)句子的主句(the Parties shall promptly consult and decide whether…)前面有一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句(if, after the signing of this Agreement, the Chinese government either at the State, provincial, municipal or local level adopts any new law, regulation, decree or rule, amends or repeals any provision of any law, regulation, decree or rule, or adopts any different interpretation or method of implementation of any law, regulation, decree or rule, which contravenes this Agreement or which materially and adversely affects a Party's economic benefit under this Agreement, then upon written notice thereof from the affected party to the other Party)和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(then upon written notice thereof from the affected party to the other Party)，在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，又夾帶著一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(after the signing of this agreement)和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句(which contravenes this Agreement or which materially and adversely affects a Party's economic benefit under this Agreement)。主句本身也相當(dāng)復(fù)雜，除了有主語(yǔ)加兩個(gè)并立的謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)的基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)外，兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞未完分別有方式狀語(yǔ)(in accordance with the original provisions thereof as per the relevant provisions of the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China)及目的狀語(yǔ)(in order to preserve each Party's economic benefit under this Agreement)和方式狀語(yǔ)(on a basis no less favourable than the economic benefit it would have received if such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted, amended, repealed or so interpreted of so interpreted or implemented)修飾。就是在后一個(gè)方式狀語(yǔ)中，也還有一個(gè)作定語(yǔ)的虛擬句(it would have received of such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted, amended, repealed or so interpreted or implemented)�？v觀整個(gè)句子，內(nèi)有主句又有從句，修飾語(yǔ)套修飾語(yǔ)，一個(gè)接一個(gè)疊加，一環(huán)扣一環(huán)相連，構(gòu)成了復(fù)雜的修飾和被修飾關(guān)系。只有弄清楚句子里各個(gè)成分之間的相互關(guān)系，才有可能理解句子的完整意思。
由于這個(gè)句子內(nèi)部存在著復(fù)雜關(guān)系，要準(zhǔn)確、通順地譯出原句的完事意思并不是一件容易的事情。比較英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)這兩種語(yǔ)言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，英語(yǔ)可以憑借關(guān)聯(lián)詞形成很長(zhǎng)的句子，而漢語(yǔ)卻沒(méi)有諸如關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞之類(lèi)的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，因而也就不可能產(chǎn)生結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)句。英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句，各個(gè)成分之間都有適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞加以連接，以表明它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系，這就使得句子各個(gè)成分的設(shè)置有較大的靈活性。漢語(yǔ)句子一般是按時(shí)間順序和中國(guó)人的邏輯思維順序編排的，即使不使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞，也能構(gòu)成完整的意思。翻譯長(zhǎng)句，要按漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)方式處理英語(yǔ)句子里錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的關(guān)系。處理方法大致可歸納為兩種：一種是基本上按英語(yǔ)原句的結(jié)構(gòu)順序翻譯，另一種是按漢語(yǔ)的時(shí)間順序和邏輯順序翻譯。本章將著重分析第一種翻譯方法。
按原句的結(jié)構(gòu)順序翻譯
(a)Each of the Shareholders shall exercise all voting rights and other powers of control available to it in relation to the Company so as to procure (so far as it is able by the exercise of such rights and powers) that at all times during the term of this Agreement, the provisions concerning the structure and organisation of the Company, and the regulation of its affairs set out in this Agreement, are duly observed and given full force and effect, and all actions reserved and given full force and effect, and all actions required of the Shareholders under this Agreement are carried out in a timely manner, and in particular (but not in derogation of the generality of the foregoing), that any meeting of the Board and every general meeting of the Company has the necessary quorum throughout and is conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, and shall execute and do and procure all other third parties, if necessary, to execute and do all such further acts, deeds, assurances and things as may be reasonably required so that full effect may be given to the terms and conditions of this Agreement.
各股東應(yīng)應(yīng)其具有的與公司相關(guān)的所有表決權(quán)和其他控制權(quán)，以保證(就通過(guò)行使該等權(quán)利和權(quán)力可以保證而言)在本協(xié)議期限內(nèi)任何時(shí)候，關(guān)于公司結(jié)構(gòu)和組織的規(guī)定和本協(xié)議規(guī)定的公司事務(wù)的管理規(guī)則得到遵守并具有完全的效力，本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下要求股東采取的一切行動(dòng)均已及時(shí)采取，告別是(但不得損害前述一般性原則)公司的任何董事會(huì)會(huì)議和每一次股東大會(huì)自始至終達(dá)到必需的法定人數(shù)，且根據(jù)本協(xié)議的規(guī)定召開(kāi)，而且應(yīng)簽署和執(zhí)行，并在必要時(shí)保證所有其他第三方簽署和進(jìn)行可能合理要求的一切進(jìn)一步行動(dòng)、契約、保證和事宜，以使本協(xié)議的條款和條件可以具有完全的效力。
這個(gè)句子中，主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)并立的謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)賓詞組：shall exercise all voting rights and other powers of control和shall execute and do and procure all other third parties, if necessary, to execute and do all such further acts, deeds, assurances and things，而且緊隨其后又都是表示目的的狀語(yǔ)。翻譯也是按原句的這一基本結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行的。
(b)If in any case Party A, after having become bound to transfer any Shares and Loans pursuant to the provisions of this Clause X to Party B or a third party, shall fail or refuse to do so, the Company Secretary or any other person appointed by the Board shall be deemed to have been irrevocably authorized by Party A, with full power to execute, complete and deliver, in the name and on behalf of Party A, transfers of the Board may then register the purchaser or its nominee as holder of the Shares and issue to the purchaser or its nominee (as the case may be) a certificate of the same, and thereupon, Party A shall be bound to deliver up the certificates for the Shares, and upon such delivery, shall be entitled to receive the purchase price therefore without interest.
如果甲方應(yīng)有義務(wù)根據(jù)本條規(guī)定向乙方或第三方轉(zhuǎn)讓任何股份或貸款，而甲方卻未進(jìn)行或拒絕進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓?zhuān)久貢?shū)或董事會(huì)委派的任何其他人應(yīng)被視為經(jīng)甲方不可撤消的授權(quán)，有全權(quán)在購(gòu)買(mǎi)人向公司支付購(gòu)買(mǎi)價(jià)款后，以甲方的名義并代表甲方簽署、完成并向購(gòu)買(mǎi)人交付股份和貸款轉(zhuǎn)讓證，而后董事會(huì)將購(gòu)買(mǎi)人或其指定的人登記為股份持有人，并向購(gòu)買(mǎi)人或其指定的人(視情況而定)簽發(fā)股權(quán)證，據(jù)此，甲方有義務(wù)交付股權(quán)證，交付后則有權(quán)獲得不計(jì)利息的購(gòu)買(mǎi)價(jià)款。
上面的譯文基本上也是按原句的順序編排的，只有其中的一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)against payment of the purchase price therefore to the Company 根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣位置向前推移了一步。
英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)是兩種不同的語(yǔ)言，但在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上畢竟還有相同點(diǎn)，大體上都具有是“主、謂、賓”的基本框架。只要英語(yǔ)句子可以按其原有的成分排列順序轉(zhuǎn)換成結(jié)構(gòu)大體相同的漢語(yǔ)句子，翻譯時(shí)就應(yīng)當(dāng)照辦，而不必另起爐灶，更不能隨意偏離翻譯的基本原則，把翻譯當(dāng)作釋義(paraphrase)。
按漢語(yǔ)的時(shí)間先后和邏輯順序翻譯
如果一個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子無(wú)法照著原有順序翻譯，就不得不考慮將原句的結(jié)構(gòu)拆開(kāi)，根據(jù)原義用漢語(yǔ)重新整合，以時(shí)間先后，因果、假設(shè)等邏輯關(guān)系相繼譯成一句或幾句意思連貫、內(nèi)容完整的句子。
(a)The enduring significance of the Shanghai Communique is symbolized by the fact that two of the participants in the ceremony fifteen years ago –Ambassadors Han Xu and Winston Lord – are now charged with even greater responsibilities for promoting good relations between our two countries.
15年前，曾參加上海公報(bào)簽字儀式的兩位人士，韓敘大使和溫斯頓?洛德大使，現(xiàn)在都肩負(fù)著促進(jìn)我們兩國(guó)友好關(guān)系的更為重要的責(zé)任，這標(biāo)志著上海公報(bào)具有持久的意義。
上面的英語(yǔ)句子與譯文在“時(shí)間”安排上順序不一樣，英語(yǔ)由現(xiàn)在提及過(guò)去的事情(韓敘和溫斯頓?洛德都參加了15年前上海公報(bào)簽字儀式)，而漢語(yǔ)則先提過(guò)去的事情，由過(guò)去說(shuō)到現(xiàn)在。同時(shí)，英語(yǔ)句子先說(shuō)上海公報(bào)具有持久的意義，而后點(diǎn)明這表現(xiàn)為韓敘和溫斯頓?洛德兩位大使現(xiàn)在都肩負(fù)著促進(jìn)我們兩國(guó)友好關(guān)系的更為重要的責(zé)任;漢語(yǔ)則剛好相反，敘述時(shí)由“因”而“果”。這句長(zhǎng)句的譯文，正是按照漢語(yǔ)先過(guò)去后現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間順序及因果關(guān)系重新安排英語(yǔ)原句各個(gè)內(nèi)容層次的。
(b)The progress to the statute book of the necessary legal infrastructure for electronic commerce has in many countries been delayed by a difficult and politically sensitive debate created by the concerns of law enforcement authorities that the widespread use of strong encryption may facilitate crime and terrorism to a degree that will de-stabilize civilized governments.
在許多國(guó)家，執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)擔(dān)心嚴(yán)格加密的廣泛使用，會(huì)給犯罪分子和恐怖活動(dòng)提供方便，從而破壞文明政府的穩(wěn)定。這種擔(dān)心引起了一場(chǎng)難以解決的、政治上敏感的辯論。而這場(chǎng)辯論則延誤了必要的電子商務(wù)法律歸入法典的進(jìn)程。
這句句子包含的信息量大，內(nèi)容一層又一層，各個(gè)成分環(huán)環(huán)相扣，根本無(wú)法用一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)句子來(lái)翻譯。首先，主語(yǔ)又長(zhǎng)又復(fù)雜(The progress to the statute book of the necessary legal infrastructure for electronic commerce)，而且因修辭關(guān)系出現(xiàn)換位現(xiàn)象(to the statute book與of the necessary legal infrastructure for electronic commerce前后倒置)。狀語(yǔ)(by a difficult and politically sensitive debate)后面有定語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)(created by the concerns of law enforcement authorities)，而定語(yǔ)又帶同位語(yǔ)從句(that the widespread use of strong encryption may facilitate crime and terrorism to a degree that will de-stabilize civilized governments)，同位語(yǔ)中又有狀語(yǔ)(to a degree that will de-stabilize civilized governments)。
根據(jù)以上分析，英語(yǔ)原句的內(nèi)容可以分為三層：一層是執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)擔(dān)心嚴(yán)格加密的廣泛使用會(huì)產(chǎn)生怎樣的后果，一層是這種擔(dān)心引起了一場(chǎng)辯論，還有一層是說(shuō)這場(chǎng)辨論所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果——延誤了必要的電子商務(wù)法律歸入法典的進(jìn)程。這是按漢語(yǔ)邏輯思維自然形成的因果關(guān)系的鏈接。而從英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)看，上述第一層和第三層的內(nèi)容次序剛好相反，英語(yǔ)傾向于把信息的重心放在句首，先陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)(電子商務(wù)法律歸入法典的進(jìn)程被延誤了)，而后說(shuō)明該事實(shí)發(fā)生的原因(是因?yàn)橐粓?chǎng)難以解決的、政治上敏感的辯論)，中間的一層意思則表明辯論的由來(lái)(執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)的擔(dān)心)。這句英語(yǔ)句子的翻譯過(guò)程，實(shí)際上是按漢語(yǔ)所習(xí)慣的邏輯順序來(lái)表達(dá)原文的確切意思，而這正是翻譯所要達(dá)到的目的。
(c)Each Party hereby agree to indemnify, hold harmless and defend the other Party from and against any and all claims, suits, losses, damages and disbursements (including legal and management costs) arising out of any alleged or actual breach of failure to comply with the terms and conditions hereof including but not limited to any infringement of the other Party's intellectual property or other rights occurring as a result of the offending Party's fault, omission or activities in connection with the Project.
各方謹(jǐn)此同意，困一方被指控違反、實(shí)際違反或未遵守本協(xié)議條款和條件包括但不限于由于違約方與項(xiàng)目有關(guān)的過(guò)錯(cuò)、不作為或活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致對(duì)另一方和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)或其他權(quán)利的侵犯，而引起的任何和所有索賠、訴訟、損害和支出(包括律師費(fèi)和管理費(fèi))，該違約方須向另一方做出賠償，使另一方免受損害，并為其進(jìn)行抗辯。
同前面的句子一樣，英語(yǔ)把信息的重心放在句首，先表明各方同意的事項(xiàng)(indemnify, hold harmless and defend the other Party)，然后規(guī)定因什么原因引起的損失和損害才會(huì)給予賠償(arising out of any alleged or actual breach or failure to comply with the terms and conditions)。作為補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容，句中夾入包括因其他原因(as a result of the offending Party's fault, omission or activities in connection with the Project)發(fā)生的侵權(quán)(infringement of the other Party's intellectual property or other rights)。譯文則是按漢語(yǔ)的邏輯思路，先表明因何原因，一方才向另一方做出賠償。(順便提一下，理解這句英語(yǔ)句子時(shí)，要把句中隱含而漢有明示的成分考慮在內(nèi)，譯文里增添的“一方”和“該違約方”是為了明確地譯出原文的意思所必需的。)
翻譯長(zhǎng)句，對(duì)英語(yǔ)句子進(jìn)行拆分和整合，必須是在全面、準(zhǔn)確理解原義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行。譯者要做到心中有數(shù)，統(tǒng)攬全句，把握細(xì)節(jié)，才不至于在復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)中迷失方向。下筆翻譯時(shí)，要緊扣原句的意思而不拘泥于原句的結(jié)構(gòu)，把一層一層內(nèi)容按漢語(yǔ)的時(shí)間先后和邏輯關(guān)系恰當(dāng)?shù)劓溄釉谝黄�，最終組合成既忠實(shí)又通順的譯文。
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