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如何翻譯動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
英漢翻譯過程中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的翻譯至關(guān)重要,動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的理解和表達(dá)是覺得譯文是否順暢達(dá)意的關(guān)鍵,如果我們不注意這個(gè)問題,就會(huì)造成對(duì)原文的誤解。
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
(一)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
英漢翻譯過程中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的翻譯至關(guān)重要,動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的理解和表達(dá)是覺得譯文是否順暢達(dá)意的關(guān)鍵,如果我們不注意這個(gè)問題,就會(huì)造成對(duì)原文的誤解。下面就談一下英漢中時(shí)態(tài)的翻譯。
1. 英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)一般是通過詞形變化來(lái)表現(xiàn)的,而漢語(yǔ)則是通過一些表示時(shí)間的特定詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表現(xiàn)的。英譯漢時(shí),要通過加進(jìn)表示時(shí)間的詞來(lái)表達(dá)英語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)概念。常見的有:“現(xiàn)在”“如今”“將來(lái)”“以后”;“曾經(jīng)”“已經(jīng)”“正在”“剛剛”“著”“了”“過”,如:
I have been there.
我曾經(jīng)去過那里。(譯文用“曾經(jīng)”“去”來(lái)表示完成時(shí)的概念)
That kind of computer was and still is a remarkable one.
該計(jì)算機(jī)過去是,現(xiàn)在仍然是一種了不起的電腦。
有時(shí)英語(yǔ)中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示客觀真理等無(wú)時(shí)間性的狀態(tài),翻譯時(shí)就不用加詞了。
The sun rises in the east.
太陽(yáng)從東方升起。
2. 相對(duì)的,漢譯英時(shí),一般就可以省略表示時(shí)間的詞,而用英語(yǔ)相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表達(dá)。
他現(xiàn)在在北京工作。
He is working in Beijing now.
我已經(jīng)吃過早飯了。
I have had my breakfast.
但需要注意的是,漢語(yǔ)的靈活性極大,不一定所有的“了”都是過去時(shí)或完成時(shí),比如下面這例:
今天上午我吃了兩個(gè)饅頭。
I had two buns this morning.
下面我們就談?wù)劃h語(yǔ)中常見的具體表時(shí)間的詞的英譯(之前列舉的“如今”“曾經(jīng)”等詞指示時(shí)間的意味較為明確,因此不再贅述啦~)
1. “著”
(1) 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行
他說(shuō)完話站起來(lái),直視著我。
He finished his conversation and stood up, looking straight at me.
(2) 表示某種持續(xù)的狀態(tài)
在新西蘭,毛利人保持著深厚的文化傳統(tǒng)。
In New Zealand, the Maori people maintain a strong cultural tradition.
2. “了”通常是過去時(shí)和完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志,
Somehow Karin managed to cope with the demands of her career.
卡琳設(shè)法達(dá)到了其職業(yè)的要求。
我已經(jīng)掌握了有關(guān)該組織誕生的可靠的詳細(xì)資料。
I had obtained the authentic details about the birth of the organization.
3. “過”,表示曾經(jīng)的動(dòng)作,一般過去時(shí)的標(biāo)志,如:
Ever tried. Ever failed. No matter. Try Again. Fail again. Fail better.
努力過,失敗過,沒關(guān)系,屢戰(zhàn)屢敗,屢敗屢戰(zhàn),每一次失敗都比上一次更好。
但有時(shí),也是完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志,(在漢譯英中較為明顯)。
她丈夫以前從來(lái)沒得過任何心臟疾病。
Her husband had never before had any heart trouble.
二. 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
英譯漢時(shí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本的翻譯方法如下:
1. 直接譯為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
(1) 譯為無(wú)主句或添加模糊主語(yǔ)
It is said that…
據(jù)說(shuō)…
Such a conclusion can be drawn…
(我們)可以得出這個(gè)結(jié)論…
The boy can be assumed
(我們可以)假設(shè)這個(gè)男孩…
有時(shí)為了譯為明確行文,可以適當(dāng)添加“我/我們”“人們”等模糊的主語(yǔ)
The students were seen reciting the new words and phrases.
有人看見學(xué)生們?cè)诒承聠卧~和短語(yǔ)。
(2) 在主語(yǔ)明確的情況下,保留原句主語(yǔ)。
The food was exhausted only in a few days.
食物在幾天內(nèi)就吃光了。
2. 譯為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
不能譯為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的,可采用中文中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句式來(lái)譯,常見的被動(dòng)句式有“為…所”“讓…給”
Unifies our country's condition asas our country's historic tradition, causes these to be adopted by us.
結(jié)合我國(guó)的國(guó)情以及我國(guó)的歷史傳統(tǒng), 使這些為我所用。
Her dress was caught by a nail.
她的衣服讓釘子給鉤住了。
3. 科技文獻(xiàn)中譯為“能夠”“可以”
Because it is very slippery,it is used for lubrication.
因?yàn)樗芑虼丝梢杂脕?lái)做潤(rùn)滑劑。
4. 用“是…的”字句表示被動(dòng)
“是 …的” 是一種形式主動(dòng),實(shí)際上是不用“被”字的被動(dòng)句,例如:
War is invented by the human mind.
戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是人的智慧發(fā)明的。
再如冰心的《夢(mèng)》,“五色的絲線,是能做成好看的活計(jì)的;香的,美麗的花,是要插在頭上的;鏡子是妝束完時(shí)要照一照的;在眾人中間坐著,是要說(shuō)些很細(xì)膩很溫柔的話的;眼淚是時(shí)常要落下來(lái)的。女孩子是總有點(diǎn)脾氣,帶點(diǎn)嬌貴的樣子的。”
For instance, silk thread of all colors was fancied for beautiful needlework; fragrant brilliant flowers should be put in hair for decoration; dressing should be followed by taking a look in a mirror; when sitting among a crowd, a girl should speak in a soft and delicate tone; she should be lachrymose and normally somewhat petulant like a pampered child.
注意:從整體上來(lái)說(shuō),翻譯時(shí)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)比被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)更為普遍。但在以下幾種情況時(shí),要使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):(文學(xué)翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)為了句子生動(dòng)也會(huì)采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
①動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者顯而易見或不重要(選自《非文學(xué)翻譯理論與實(shí)踐》)
世人常稱大學(xué)為‘最高學(xué)府’…
A university has often been misleadingly referred to as "the highest seat of learning"…(選自《張培基英譯現(xiàn)代散文》)
、跒榱藦(qiáng)調(diào)
The suggestion was made by Mrs. Smith.
這個(gè)建議是由史密斯女士提出的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)施動(dòng)者)
One of the most controversial members of the European Parliament has been interviewed by the press about the proposal.
l中國(guó)尊重非洲人民自主選擇適合自己國(guó)情的政治制度和發(fā)展道路…(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的接受者)
China respects the political systems and paths to development independently adopted and pursued by people that suit their national conditions.(選自《三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)》)
、郾硎疚瘢Y貌,推脫責(zé)任,比如:This bill has not been paid,比you have not paid the bill 委婉。
A mistake was made就比we made a mistake 更不具有針對(duì)性。
、苡袝r(shí)為了避免語(yǔ)氣過于正式的one,或過于非正式的you作主語(yǔ),也會(huì)使用被動(dòng)。
These documents can be found on the second floor.
這些文件可以在二樓找到。
、荼硎究陀^陳述(科技文體中較常見)
These are also called stimulant fat burners.
他們也被稱為刺激性脂肪燃燒劑.
、逎h譯英時(shí),有時(shí)前后句間并沒有邏輯關(guān)系時(shí)會(huì)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),一般用于列舉措施,如:(以下例子選自《三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)》)
… 限制旅客人數(shù),減少道路建設(shè);鼓勵(lì)當(dāng)?shù)貓F(tuán)體積極參與管理;對(duì)游客進(jìn)行環(huán)保教育;以及重點(diǎn)保護(hù)藏族文化。
…the number of tourists should be limited,as should road construction; the participation of local communities should be encouraged; educational opportunities for visitors to learn about nature should be established; and an emphasis should be put on the Tibetan culture.
綜上所述,時(shí)態(tài)屬于翻譯的細(xì)節(jié)問題,語(yǔ)態(tài)則相對(duì)宏觀一些,但二者在翻譯時(shí),都需要是具體情況而定,選擇最佳的翻譯方法,從而提高譯文質(zhì)量。
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