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大學(xué)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)有哪些?下面是YJBYS小編整理的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，歡迎參考!
(一)英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)方式上的差異：
英語(yǔ)的詞類與漢語(yǔ)的不同。漢語(yǔ)詞類形態(tài)穩(wěn)定，比如“書”這個(gè)字，“一本書”、“三本書”都一樣，沒(méi)有詞形變化。英語(yǔ)就不同了，book, books僅從詞形上就能知道是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。
動(dòng)詞是英語(yǔ)中變化最多、最復(fù)雜的詞類。有人說(shuō)，學(xué)好英語(yǔ)就是學(xué)好動(dòng)詞，此言甚是。同一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)分別在不同時(shí)間發(fā)生或存在，表達(dá)這個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞就要用不同的形式，這就是時(shí)態(tài)。
例如：在“中國(guó)是個(gè)偉大的國(guó)家。”和“中國(guó)曾經(jīng)是世界上最偉大的國(guó)家。”這兩句話當(dāng)中，漢語(yǔ)的“是”沒(méi)有變化，而是用“曾經(jīng)”這個(gè)詞來(lái)表達(dá)時(shí)間的不同。
China is a great country.中國(guó)是個(gè)偉大的國(guó)家。
China was the greatest country in the world.中國(guó)曾經(jīng)是世界上最偉大的國(guó)家。
在這幾句中，動(dòng)詞be的形態(tài)變了，表示的時(shí)間變了，但意義沒(méi)有變化。
再如，“他經(jīng)常幫助我。”“他昨天幫助我了。”和“他一直在幫助我。”這三句話當(dāng)中，漢語(yǔ)的“幫助”沒(méi)有任何變化，而是用“經(jīng)常”、“一直”和“昨天”分別表達(dá)出時(shí)間的區(qū)別。英語(yǔ)就不同，它必須用動(dòng)詞本身的形態(tài)變化來(lái)完成任務(wù)。
He often helps me.他經(jīng)常幫助我。
He helped me yesterday.他昨天幫助我了。
He has been helping me.他一直在幫助我。
在這幾句中，動(dòng)詞help的形態(tài)變了，表示的時(shí)間變了，但意義沒(méi)有變化。
(二)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式：
英語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞的變化來(lái)體現(xiàn)的。因此，了解動(dòng)詞的形式及其變化規(guī)律非常重要。英語(yǔ)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有以下五種形式：
(1) 動(dòng)詞原形：動(dòng)詞原形在句子中形式不變。主要用于主語(yǔ)為非第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，或根據(jù)語(yǔ)法規(guī)定必須用動(dòng)詞原形的其他情況。
(2) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)形式(簡(jiǎn)稱現(xiàn)單三)：主要用于主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
(3) 過(guò)去式：主要用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
(4) 現(xiàn)在分詞：主要用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，或語(yǔ)法規(guī)定的其他情況。
(5) 過(guò)去分詞：主要用于完成時(shí)態(tài)，或語(yǔ)法規(guī)定的其他情況。
這里提到的“語(yǔ)法規(guī)定的其他情況”我們?cè)谝院蟮闹v座中會(huì)詳細(xì)介紹。
下面把這些動(dòng)詞形式的構(gòu)成說(shuō)明一下。
動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)(現(xiàn)單三)的構(gòu)成，見(jiàn)下表：
詞尾變化(規(guī)律與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)相同，讀音也與名詞復(fù)數(shù)相同) 舉例
一般加-s Help---helps; read---reads
在ch, sh, s, x 或元音字母o后面加-es Do, fix, pass, push, teach ---does, fixes, passes, pushes, teaches
以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，變y為i再加-es Try, study --- tries, stuides
與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)形式相同，讀音也相同。
動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞，大多數(shù)是動(dòng)詞原形+ ed 構(gòu)成，這是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的拼寫和讀音規(guī)則如下表：
詞尾變化 舉例 詞尾讀音
動(dòng)詞后面加-ed Help---helped Work---worked
Watch---watched 清輔音之后讀[t]
Want---wanted need---needed [t] ,[d]之后讀[t]
Turn---turned play--played 元音和濁輔音([d]除外)之后讀[d]
以不發(fā)音的“e”結(jié)尾的詞，加-d Love---loved
Serve---served
結(jié)尾是輔音字母+y時(shí)，y變i，再加-ed Study---studied
Try---tried
結(jié)尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，雙寫輔音字母再加-ed Stop---stopped
Drop---dropped 清輔音之后讀[t]
不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞有其特殊變化形式，需要個(gè)別記憶，同時(shí)也要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)不規(guī)則中的規(guī)則，即某些字母組合的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞有一定的規(guī)律。如：weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept
現(xiàn)在分詞一律由動(dòng)詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成，規(guī)則如下表：
詞尾變化 舉例
一般加-ing Look---looking, try---trying
以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的詞，去掉e，再加-ing Write---writing, dance---dancing
以一個(gè)輔音字母(x除外)詞尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，先雙寫詞尾的輔音字母，再加-ing Begin---beginning, swim---swimming,
Run---running, sit---sitting
以-ie結(jié)尾的詞，變ie為y，再加-ing Die---dying, lie---lying
為了學(xué)習(xí)的方便，人們把時(shí)間分為四個(gè)階段：“現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái)、過(guò)去將來(lái)”。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在以上每個(gè)時(shí)間段中分別有四種狀態(tài)：一般、進(jìn)行、完成和完成進(jìn)行。因此我們便有了四四一十六個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。
不同的時(shí)態(tài)有不同的變化形式。以do 為例，列表如下：
時(shí)態(tài) 一般 進(jìn)行 完成 完成進(jìn)行
現(xiàn)在時(shí) Does; do Am/is/are+doing Has/have+done Has/have+been doing
過(guò)去時(shí) Did Was/were+doing Had done Had been doing
將來(lái)時(shí) Shall/will+do Shall/will be +doing Shall/will have + done Shall/will+have been doing
過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) Should/would/+do Would/should+be doing Should/would + have done Would/should + have been doing
“時(shí)態(tài)”就是通過(guò)動(dòng)詞的形態(tài)變化，來(lái)表達(dá)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間(現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái)、過(guò)去將來(lái))及所處的狀態(tài)(一般、進(jìn)行、完成、完成進(jìn)行)。
比如在“They are doing their exercises.”這個(gè)句子中，動(dòng)詞由原形do 變成are doing 的形態(tài)，說(shuō)明這個(gè)事情是發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在、并處于正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)當(dāng)中，所以叫現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí);
在“They have done their exercises.”這句中，動(dòng)詞由原形do 變成have done的形態(tài)，說(shuō)明這個(gè)事情是發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在、并處于完成的狀態(tài)，所以叫現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);
在“They always do their exercises.”中，動(dòng)詞用原形do 的形態(tài)，說(shuō)明這個(gè)事情是發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在、并且是一般情況下永遠(yuǎn)如此，所以叫一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
在這三句話中，動(dòng)詞do 雖然用了不同的形態(tài)，其意義沒(méi)有變化，而是事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間和狀態(tài)變了。其余類推。
16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)中，常用的有12個(gè)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、將來(lái)完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。其他時(shí)態(tài)很少單獨(dú)使用。
下面我們把各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成和用法做一個(gè)全面的介紹。
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
(1)構(gòu)成：通常以動(dòng)詞原形表示。主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，用現(xiàn)單三形式。
動(dòng)詞be和have(表示“擁有”)各人稱的單數(shù)形式為：
第一人稱單數(shù) 第二人稱單數(shù) 第三人稱單數(shù)
Have Have Have Has
Be Am Are is
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如下：
動(dòng)詞be 與 have(表示“擁有”)：否定式直接把not放在動(dòng)詞之后，疑問(wèn)式直接把動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，見(jiàn)下表：
否定式 疑問(wèn)式
Be Have Be Have
I am not (I’m not)… I have not (haven’t)… Am i…? Have i…?
You are not (aren’t)… You have not (haven’t)… Are you…? Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)… He has not (hasn’t)… Is he …? Has he …?
動(dòng)詞be 的否定疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答：
否定疑問(wèn)式 肯定回答 否定回答
Am I not (aren’t i)…? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t
Are you not (aren’t you)…? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Is he not (isn’t he)…? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t
動(dòng)詞be 與 have(表示“擁有”)：否定式直接把not放在動(dòng)詞之后，疑問(wèn)式直接把動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，見(jiàn)下表：
否定式 疑問(wèn)式
Be Have Be Have
I am not (I’m not)… I have not (haven’t)… Am i…? Have I …?
You are not (aren’t)… You have not (haven’t)… Are you …? Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)… He has not (hasn’t)… Is he …? Has he …?
動(dòng)詞have(表示“擁有”) 的否定疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答：
否定疑問(wèn)式 肯定回答 否定回答
Have I not (haven’t i)…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have you not (haven’t you)…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he not (hasn’t he)…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
注意：have 作為行為動(dòng)詞則只能按照行為動(dòng)詞的規(guī)則變化。
行為動(dòng)詞(以study為例)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答(注意要加助動(dòng)詞do/does)
否定式 疑問(wèn)式
I do not (don’t) study Do I study
You do not (don’t) study Do you study
He does not (doesn’t) study Does he study
否定疑問(wèn)句式 簡(jiǎn)單回答(肯定/否定)
Do I not (Don’t I) study…? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Do you not (Don’t you) study…? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Does he not (Doesn’t he) study…? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
(2)用法：
1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和經(jīng)常的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
He has an uncle.他有個(gè)叔叔。
Autumn follows summer.夏天之后是秋天。
It is fine today.今天天氣好。
You look pale.你臉色蒼白。
He is good at music.他擅長(zhǎng)音樂(lè)。
He knows a lot of English.他英語(yǔ)懂的很多。
這些動(dòng)詞可與often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never 等表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：
Do you often go to the cinema? 你經(jīng)常去看電影嗎?
He always helps others. 他總是幫助別人。
Tom does not study as hard as Jane. 湯姆在學(xué)習(xí)方面不如簡(jiǎn)努力。
My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.我父親從來(lái)不坐公共汽車，他走著去上班。
2)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)或普遍真理。
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本在中國(guó)的東邊。
The sun rises in the east. 太陽(yáng)從東方升起。
A horse is a useful animal. 馬是一種有用的動(dòng)物。
Water boils at 100℃. 水在攝氏一百度時(shí)沸騰。
October 1st is our National Day. 十月一日是我們的國(guó)慶節(jié)。
When Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 冬天來(lái)了，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎?(英國(guó)浪漫主義詩(shī)人雪萊的名句。)
Beauty is truth, truth beauty. 美即真理，真理即美。(英國(guó)浪漫主義詩(shī)人濟(jì)慈的名句。) 3)少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的事情。
The plane takes off at six past five. 飛機(jī)將于六點(diǎn)零五分起飛。
Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。
Our summer vacation begins in early July. 我們的暑假七月初開(kāi)始。
4)在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.
我一接到他的信就告訴你。
He’ll go if it is fine tomorrow. 如果明天天氣好，他就去。
I shall be away when he arrives. 等他到了我就不在了。
We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives. 等他來(lái)了，我們?cè)匍_(kāi)始討論。
5)在某些以here, there 開(kāi)頭的句子中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
Here comes the bus. 汽車來(lái)了。
There goes the bell. 鈴響了。
Here they come. 他們來(lái)了。
6)在進(jìn)行體育比賽過(guò)程中解說(shuō)員敘述迅速、短暫動(dòng)作時(shí)，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的或剛剛發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：
Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots?A fine shot! 巴特爾把球傳給姚明，姚明投籃，好球!
7)在戲劇、電影等的劇本或圖片的說(shuō)明文字中，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示動(dòng)作。例如：
When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly. 幕啟，朱麗葉坐在桌旁。電話鈴響，她拿起聽(tīng)筒，靜靜地聽(tīng)著。
Now please translate the following sentences into English:
1)見(jiàn)到你我很高興。
I am very glad to see/meet you.
2)李華只懂一點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)。
Li Hua only knows a little English.
3)他們每天晚上看電視。
They watch TV every evening.
4)我坐飛機(jī)走，明天早晨六點(diǎn)到那里。
I leave by air and arrive there at six tomorrow morning.
5)你多久給你的母親寫一封信?
How often do you write to your mother?
6)你的朋友看起來(lái)很年輕。
Your friend looks very young.
7)湯姆經(jīng)常在床上看書。
Tom often reads in bed.
8)你在發(fā)音方面有困難嗎?
Do you have any trouble with pronunciation?
2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)構(gòu)成：由助動(dòng)詞be + 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。其中be有人稱和數(shù)的變化，有三種形式：第一人稱單數(shù)用am, 第三人稱單數(shù)用is, 其他用are。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定式是：直接在助動(dòng)詞be后面加上not;疑問(wèn)式是：把助動(dòng)詞be提到主語(yǔ)之前。以study 為例：
否定式 疑問(wèn)式
I am not studying Am I studying?
You are not studying, Are you studying?
He is not studying. Is he studying?
(2)用法：
1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。例如：
I am writing a letter. 我正在寫信。
They are learning English. 他們正在學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
Is it raining now? 現(xiàn)在下雨嗎?
有時(shí)表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行而說(shuō)話時(shí)不一定正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。例如：
More and more people are paying attention to their health.
越來(lái)越多的人在關(guān)注健康。
He is translating a novel. 他在翻譯一本小說(shuō)。
2)有些動(dòng)詞，如come, go, leave, return, arrive, begin, start等，它們的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)要發(fā)生的事情。例如：
Flight 1095 is landing soon. 第1095號(hào)航班馬上要著陸了。
I know the end is coming. 我知道馬上就要結(jié)束了。
Mary is coming back from her visit to Shanghai. 瑪麗很快就要從上海訪問(wèn)回來(lái)了。
3)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常與always, continually, constantly 等副詞連用，表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。這種用法常表示說(shuō)話人的某種感情，如贊揚(yáng)、遺憾、討厭或不滿等。例如：
He is always asking questions. 他老愛(ài)提問(wèn)題。
You are always saying that sort of thing. 你老愛(ài)說(shuō)那樣的話。
She is always complaining. 她總是喜歡抱怨。
4)在一定的上下文中，后一句的動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與前一句的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)相配合，可用以體現(xiàn)原因、結(jié)果、目的等意味。即前一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)表述現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事實(shí)，而后一句用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)來(lái)闡明這一事實(shí)的原因、結(jié)果、目的等。例如：
He frowns. He is worrying about his boy. 他皺著眉頭，因?yàn)樗跒樗暮⒆訐?dān)心。
She criticizes him. She is trying to correct his bad habits. 她批評(píng)他，想糾正他的壞習(xí)慣。
She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子。這是在把他慣壞了。(結(jié)果)
翻譯練習(xí)：
1)新生下星期到。
The new students are arriving next week.
2)那邊出了什么事?
What is happening over there?
3)那輛汽車怎么停在門外?
Why is that car parking (stopping) outside the gate?
4)他們正在看電視里的足球賽。
They are watching a football match on television.
5)他老愛(ài)開(kāi)玩笑。
He is always joking.
6)我們從國(guó)外進(jìn)口機(jī)器，我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)新的科學(xué)技術(shù)。
We import machines from abroad; we are learning new science and technology.
3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
(1)構(gòu)成：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞have + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，助動(dòng)詞have 有人稱和數(shù)的變化。第三人稱單數(shù)用has，其余用have.
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式直接在助動(dòng)詞后面加上not、疑問(wèn)式是把助動(dòng)詞提到主語(yǔ)之前。以study 為例，其否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如下：
否定式 疑問(wèn)式
I have not (haven’t) studied…. Have I studied…?
You have not (haven’t) studied…. Have you studied…?
He has not (hasn’t) studied…. Has he studied…?
否定疑問(wèn)式 簡(jiǎn)單回答(肯定/否定)
Have I not (Haven’t i) studied…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have you not (Haven’t you) studied…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he not (Hasn’t he) studied…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
(2)用法：
1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常表示在說(shuō)話之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。說(shuō)話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是該動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響。而一般過(guò)去時(shí)也表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，但強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過(guò)去發(fā)生了某一動(dòng)作這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)。有的同學(xué)覺(jué)得這種說(shuō)法比較難以理解，因?yàn)槿魏芜^(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在都有影響，很難判斷用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。事實(shí)上，這種說(shuō)法沒(méi)有把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的根本區(qū)別說(shuō)清楚。如果沒(méi)有說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間，則一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);如果說(shuō)明了動(dòng)作發(fā)生的具體時(shí)間，帶有表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
My daughter has just gone out. 我女兒剛出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我們以前見(jiàn)過(guò)面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2)表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如today, these days, recently, now, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如：
I haven’t heard from her these days. 這些日子我沒(méi)有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我們沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到你。
They have been away for two years. 他們離開(kāi)已經(jīng)兩年了。
She has been with us since Monday.
她從星期一就一直和我們?cè)谝黄稹?/p>
注意：
1)表示短暫意義的動(dòng)詞如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等，在完成時(shí)當(dāng)中不能和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，因?yàn)樗鼈儽硎镜膭?dòng)作不可能持續(xù)。因此，不能說(shuō)：
×He has come here for 2 weeks.
×The old man has died for 4 months.
×They have left only for 5 minutes.
以上三句話可以改為：
It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks.
It’s 4 months since the old man died.
They have been away only for 5 minutes
2)have (has) been 和have (has) gone的區(qū)別：表示“曾到過(guò)某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已經(jīng)去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。試比較：
Where has he been? 他剛才到哪里去了?(已經(jīng)回來(lái)了)
Where has he gone? 他上哪兒去了?(人不在)
They have been to Canada. 他們到過(guò)加拿大。(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在加拿大)
They have gone to Canada. 他們到加拿大去了。(可能在路上和已經(jīng)到加拿大).
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和明確指出時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等連用， 但可以和不明確指出時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等連用。例如：
She has already come. 她已經(jīng)來(lái)了。
I haven’t read it yet. 我還沒(méi)讀過(guò)這個(gè)。
I have met him before. 我從前曾見(jiàn)過(guò)他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 馬紅一直是個(gè)好學(xué)生。
I have often seen him in the street. 我經(jīng)常在街上看見(jiàn)他。
They have never been to Yan’an. 他們從未去過(guò)延安。
I haven't seen him lately. 我近來(lái)沒(méi)看到他。
翻譯練習(xí)：
1)他們已經(jīng)答復(fù)了我們的信。
They have already answered our letter.
2)自去年以來(lái)我就未遇見(jiàn)過(guò)王英。
I haven’t met Wang Ying since last year.
3)他剛把他的名字告訴我。
He has just told me his name.
4)你到過(guò)杭州嗎? 到過(guò)。我一個(gè)月以前去過(guò)那里。我去過(guò)兩三次。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou? Yes, I have. I went there a month ago. I have been there two or three times.
5)他在海外住了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。
He has lived abroad for a very long time.
4、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)構(gòu)成：第三人稱單數(shù)由has been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞;其他人稱和數(shù)由have been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。
(2)用法：
1)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能剛剛終止，也可能仍然在進(jìn)行。
I’ve been waiting for you since eight o’clock in the morning. 我從早上8點(diǎn)鐘一直在等你。
It has been raining for three hours. 雨一直下了三個(gè)小時(shí)了。
What book have you been reading recently? 最近你一直在讀什么書?
2)有些動(dòng)詞不能用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，如be, have, like, love, know, see, hear等，這些詞同樣也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：
I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久沒(méi)見(jiàn)到你了。
I have loved her for a long time. 我一直愛(ài)她。
I have known him for a long time. 我認(rèn)識(shí)他很久了。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果;而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性，強(qiáng)調(diào)“一直”，往往表示動(dòng)作仍未結(jié)束。如：
I have been reading this novel. 我一直在讀這本小說(shuō)。(我仍然在讀)
I have read two novels. 我已讀過(guò)兩本小說(shuō)。(可能剛讀過(guò)，也可能很久以前讀的)
I have been writing letters. 我一直都在寫信。
I have written three letters. 我已經(jīng)寫完三封信了。
Now we have cleaned the room, we can move the things in. 既然我們已經(jīng)打掃完房間，我們可以把東西搬進(jìn)來(lái)了。
We’ve been cleaning the classroom, but we haven’t finished yet. 我們一直在打掃教室，但還沒(méi)干完。
翻譯練習(xí)：
1)你整個(gè)早晨在學(xué)習(xí)什么?
What have you been studying all the morning?
2)你已經(jīng)參加過(guò)期末考試了嗎?
Have you taken your final examination?
3)學(xué)生們一直在為高考準(zhǔn)備功課。
The students have been preparing their lessons for the college entrance examination.
4)我們從小就認(rèn)識(shí)。
We have known each other since childhood.
5)1949年以來(lái)，王先生一直在這所學(xué)校教物理。
Mr. Wang has been teaching physics in this school since 1949.
6)雨一直下了一個(gè)星期。
It has been raining for a week.
5、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
(1)構(gòu)成：一般過(guò)去時(shí)通常由動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式表示。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式要用助動(dòng)詞do 的過(guò)去式did, 同時(shí)注意實(shí)義動(dòng)詞要用原形。以study 為例，其否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如下：
否定式 疑問(wèn)式
I did not (didn’t) study…. Did I study…?
You did not (didn’t) study…. Did you study…?
He did not (didn’t) study…. Did he study…?
否定疑問(wèn)式 簡(jiǎn)單回答 (肯定/否定)
Did I not (Didn’t I) study…? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.
Di you not (Didn’t you) study…? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Did he not (Didn’t he) study…? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
(2)用法：一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞主要表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，其中包括習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，通常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
The train arrived ten minutes ago. 火車十分鐘前就到了。
What time did you get up yesterday morning? 昨天早晨你是什么時(shí)候起床的?
I used to go to school early. 我過(guò)去總是很早去學(xué)校。
He always went to work by bus. 他過(guò)去老乘車去上班。
Li Hong lived in Shanghai for ten years when she was young. 李紅小時(shí)候在上海住過(guò)十年。(有的同學(xué)認(rèn)為出現(xiàn)了for some time 之類的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，就要用完成時(shí)態(tài)。這種看法不完全正確。如果指的是在過(guò)去某事持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間，就要用一般過(guò)去時(shí))
注意：在動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句子里通常有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，表明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間。如該句中沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，那么上下文中一定有表明過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或可以體現(xiàn)“動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生在過(guò)去”這一概念。
翻譯練習(xí)：
1)他昨天晚上離開(kāi)這里到上海去了。
He left for Shanghai yesterday evening.
2)你昨天早上是什么時(shí)候醒來(lái)的? 我六點(diǎn)鐘醒的，可是到七點(diǎn)才起床。
What time did you wake up yesterday morning? ?I woke up at six o’clock, but did not get up until 7.
3)星期一有個(gè)外國(guó)朋友來(lái)參觀過(guò)我們學(xué)校了。
A foreign friend visited our school on Monday.
4)我上中學(xué)的時(shí)候總是六點(diǎn)鐘起床。
I used to get up at six when I was at middle school.
5)周總理曾經(jīng)常在這里辦公。
Premier Zhou used to work here.
6、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)構(gòu)成：由助動(dòng)詞be 的過(guò)去式 + 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。其中be有人稱和數(shù)的變化，第一、第三人稱單數(shù)用was，其他用were.
1)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞主要表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)經(jīng)常與過(guò)去時(shí)配合使用。例如：
This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson. 昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們正在上英語(yǔ)課。
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room. 老師在給我們上課時(shí)，湯姆走進(jìn)教室。
While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 我們吃飯的時(shí)候，燈滅了。
He was reading while she was setting the table. 她擺桌子時(shí)，他在讀書。
It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天漸漸黑下來(lái)了。風(fēng)勢(shì)增強(qiáng)了。
2)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞常用always, continually, frequently 等詞連用，表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的行為。這種用法表明帶有的感情色彩。例如：
The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young. 兩兄弟小時(shí)候常吵架。
In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western powers. 清朝時(shí)，中國(guó)總是對(duì)西方列強(qiáng)妥協(xié)。
翻譯練習(xí)：
1)我記得他哥哥上小學(xué)時(shí)經(jīng)常在課堂上提問(wèn)題。
I remember his brother was constantly asking questions in class when he was at primary school.
2)我母親做飯的時(shí)候，我父親在抽煙。
While my mother was cooking, my father was smoking.
3)我正在寫東西，小明把燈關(guān)了。
When I was writing, Xiao Ming turned off the light.
4)夕陽(yáng)西下，天漸漸黑下來(lái)了。
The sun was setting. It was getting dark. 5)你走進(jìn)他們的房間時(shí)，他們正在聽(tīng)廣播嗎?
Were they listening to the broadcast when you entered their room?
6)她給你打電話的時(shí)候，你在干什么?
What were you doing when she called you on the phone?
7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
(1)構(gòu)成：一律用had + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。
(2)用法：
1)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前的事情，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，必須有一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間或動(dòng)作來(lái)作參照，說(shuō)明在此之前某事已發(fā)生。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是在過(guò)去發(fā)生的，先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
She told me she had been there three times before. 她告訴我她以前到過(guò)那里三次。(“去過(guò)”發(fā)生在“告訴”之前)
How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上學(xué)期末為止，他在這里教學(xué)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間啦? (“教學(xué)”發(fā)生在上學(xué)期末結(jié)束之前)
When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我們到的時(shí)候，足球賽已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。
She had visited China twice before she came this year. 她今年來(lái)中國(guó)之前已訪問(wèn)過(guò)中國(guó)兩次了。
2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞可以表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，這一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到過(guò)去這一時(shí)刻或?qū)⒗^續(xù)下去。例如：
By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬，我已在北京住了五年了。
By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六點(diǎn)為止，他們已工作八小時(shí)了。
When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海時(shí)，他在那里很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。
3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞常用于間接引語(yǔ)和虛擬語(yǔ)氣，我們以后會(huì)詳細(xì)講述。
4)此外，過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于 no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when… 這兩個(gè)句型，前面部分用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后面部分用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：
No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他剛偷到錢包就被當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓獲。
Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 薩達(dá)姆還沒(méi)有意識(shí)到在發(fā)生什么事情就被抓獲了。
翻譯練習(xí)：
1)很幸運(yùn)，下雨前我們已經(jīng)到家了。
Luckily, we had got home before it began to rain.
2)張華說(shuō)他的筆記本丟了。
Zhang Hua said he had lost his notebook.
3)他曾告訴過(guò)我，會(huì)議兩點(diǎn)鐘開(kāi)。可是當(dāng)我到了以后，我還得等到兩點(diǎn)半。
He had told me that the meeting was at 2, but when I arrived I had to wait till 2:30.
4)他在這里住了兩三天，才覺(jué)得沒(méi)有什么拘束(feel at home)。
When he had stayed here for two or three days, he began to feel at home.
8、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)形式：had been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。
(2)用法：表示一直持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間的行為動(dòng)作，此行為動(dòng)作或剛結(jié)束、或還沒(méi)結(jié)束(可以從上下文看出)。這一時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)一起使用。例如：
When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours. 他進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候，我一直在努力修理電視機(jī)好幾個(gè)小時(shí)了
The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days. 道路很危險(xiǎn)。雨一直下了兩整天。
They were tired because they had been digging since dawn. 他們累了，因?yàn)閺奶炝灵_(kāi)始他們就一直在挖。
The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time. 那男孩得到一輛新山地自行車很高興。很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間來(lái)他一直希望有一輛。
9、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)動(dòng)詞表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。主要有以下幾種表現(xiàn)形式：
(1)shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形
表示單純的將來(lái)，不涉及主語(yǔ)的主觀意愿。第一人稱I, we用shall 或will，其余用will. 其否定式、疑問(wèn)式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如下：
否定式 疑問(wèn)式
I shall/will not study…. Shall I study…?
You will not study…. Will you study…?
He will not study…. Will he study…?
否定疑問(wèn)式 簡(jiǎn)單回答(肯定/否定)
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you) study…? Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.
Will he not (Won’t he) study….? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
例如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十歲。
The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下來(lái)了。我想可能會(huì)下雨。
You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午會(huì)在車站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon. 火車快要到了。
When shall we see you next time? 我們下次什么時(shí)候能看見(jiàn)你呢?
He probably won’t go with us. 他大概不能和我們一起去。
注意：
1)shall, will的縮寫形式為’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。
2)will 用于第一人稱時(shí)，可以表示將來(lái)的意愿、決心、允諾、命令等;shall用于第二、三人稱時(shí)，可以表示說(shuō)話人的將來(lái)的意愿。例如：
I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我將送你一支新鋼筆作為生日禮物。(允諾)
I will take the college entrance examination. 我將參加大學(xué)入學(xué)考試。(決心)
Shall I open the window? 我打開(kāi)窗戶好嗎?(征求允諾)
You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到書就給你。(說(shuō)話人的允諾)
The enemy shall not pass. 決不讓敵人通過(guò)。(說(shuō)話人的保證)
I will do my best to help you. 我愿意盡力幫助你。(意愿)
Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人開(kāi)會(huì)都不能遲到。(說(shuō)話人的命令)
(2)be going + 動(dòng)詞不定式
1)這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示主體現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)?lái)要做某事。這種打算往往是事先考慮好的。例如：
My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥準(zhǔn)備明年學(xué)英語(yǔ)。
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六點(diǎn)鐘要到火車站去接湯姆。
She is not going to be there. 她不會(huì)到那兒去的。
When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么時(shí)候做完?
He is going to stay a week. 他準(zhǔn)備呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我們準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)個(gè)會(huì)來(lái)討論一下。
2)這種結(jié)構(gòu)還可以表示說(shuō)話人根據(jù)已有的跡象認(rèn)為非�？赡芗磳l(fā)生某事。例如：
Look at these black clouds?it is going to rain. 看這些烏云?要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。
注意：
1)will 和be going to 都可以表示某種意愿。例如：
I won’t (am not going to) tell you my age. 我不(愿意)告訴你我的年齡。
be going to 和will在含義和用法上略有不同。Be going to往往表示事先經(jīng)過(guò)考慮的打算;will多表示意愿，決心。有時(shí)不能互換。例如：
I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我買了些磚，我要用它們蓋個(gè)廚房。(不能用will替換)
Can somebody help me? ?I will. 誰(shuí)能幫我一些嗎?―?我來(lái)。(不能用be going to替換)
2)be going to 可用于條件從句，表示單純的將來(lái);will則不能。例如：
If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, you’d better take your umbrella with you. 你若今晚去看電影，最好帶著雨傘。
(3)be to + 動(dòng)詞原形，表示安排、命令或肯定將會(huì)發(fā)生的事情;在問(wèn)句中表示征求意見(jiàn)。如：
You are not to smoke in this room. 你不許在這個(gè)房間里抽煙。
In future you are not to go out alone. 將來(lái)你不許一個(gè)人出去。
The worst is still to come. 最糟糕的還在后面呢。
Tomorrow is still to come. 明天過(guò)了還有明天。
(4)be about + 動(dòng)詞不定式。這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示正要、即將發(fā)生的事情。例如：
Let’s go in. The class is about to begin. 咱們進(jìn)去吧。馬上開(kāi)始上課了。
They are about to get married. 他們即將結(jié)婚。
My book is about to be published. 我的書即將出版。
一般將來(lái)時(shí)的關(guān)鍵是記住表示將來(lái)的幾種句型及其用法。
練習(xí)：
用be going to 或will.填空：
1)What are you doing with that spade? ?I ___ (plant) some trees. (am going to plant)
2)This is a terribly heavy box. ?I ___ (help) you carry it. (will help)
3) I’ve left my watch upstairs. ?I ___ (go) and get it for you. (will go)
4) Who will post this letter for me? ?I ____. (will)
5) She has bought a length of cloth; she ____ (make) herself a dress. (is going to make)
10、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)構(gòu)成：shall/will be + 現(xiàn)在分詞
(2)用法：將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞表示在將來(lái)某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)將會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期這時(shí)候，我們將在那個(gè)工廠勞動(dòng)。
When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me. 當(dāng)我明天早晨起床時(shí)，我媽媽將在為我準(zhǔn)備早飯。
I will be seeing him next month. 我下個(gè)月將要見(jiàn)他。
Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair. 我們明天去趕集。
We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我們要去海邊度假。
一般將來(lái)時(shí)與將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)都表示將來(lái)，那么如何區(qū)別一般將來(lái)時(shí)和將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)呢?將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)不表示個(gè)人意愿，強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀上感覺(jué)某事即將發(fā)生，并對(duì)這一事情有著期待，感情色彩較濃，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。一般將來(lái)時(shí)主要是對(duì)某一事情即將發(fā)生做一個(gè)事實(shí)性的說(shuō)明或陳述，強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí)或意愿。
翻譯下列句子：
1)下月這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們將呆在南京了。
This time next month we shall be staying in Nanjing.
2)在今天下午的會(huì)議上，你們討論這個(gè)計(jì)劃嗎?
Will you be discussing the plan at the meeting this afternoon?
3)你會(huì)見(jiàn)到我的兄弟嗎?
Will you be seeing my brother?
4)下學(xué)期你教我們嗎?
Will you be teaching us next term?
5)你來(lái)的時(shí)候，我們將在開(kāi)會(huì)。
When you come we shall be having a meeting.
6)下周這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們將在考試。
This time next week we shall be taking our exams.
11、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
(1) 由should/would + 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。第一人稱用should; 第二、三人稱用would。美國(guó)英語(yǔ)所有人稱一律用would. should/would 的簡(jiǎn)略形式為’d, 如I’d, you’d; would not 和should not的簡(jiǎn)略形式分別為wouldn’t 和shouldn’t.
(2)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事情，多用在賓語(yǔ)從句中。還可以表示過(guò)去的傾向或過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：
They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他們問(wèn)我是否很快要去廣州。
She told me she would come again next week. 她和我說(shuō)她下周還來(lái)。
I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t. 我告訴他馬上離開(kāi)，但他不。
He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情緒低落的時(shí)候，就拉小提琴。
When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition. 我上大學(xué)的時(shí)候，每年暑假都找份臨時(shí)工掙學(xué)費(fèi)。
(3)其他表示過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)：
1)were/was going to + 動(dòng)詞原形，表示過(guò)去的安排、打算或確信某事會(huì)發(fā)生，多用于口語(yǔ)。如：
I told her I was going to see her that afternoon. 我告訴她我那天下午要去看她。
I was sure (that) they were going to do that. 我確信他們要做那件事。
2)were/was to + 動(dòng)詞原形，表示安排，命令或后來(lái)將要發(fā)生的事。如：
He didn’t know he was to become famous later on. 他不知道以后他會(huì)出名。
They were to receive salaries from the government. 他們將接受政府的工資。
She and I were to meet at an agreed place. 她和我將在一個(gè)約定的地方見(jiàn)面。
3)were/was about to + 動(dòng)詞原形，表示正要、即將發(fā)生的事。如：
Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 布朗夫人剛要開(kāi)始，但是珍妮先說(shuō)話了。
He was about to say something more, but then checked himself. 他正要再說(shuō)點(diǎn)什么，卻又打住了。
He waited until she was about to leave. 他一直等到她即將離開(kāi)。
12、將來(lái)完成時(shí)
(1)構(gòu)成：shall/will + have + 過(guò)去分詞
(2)用法：將來(lái)完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞主要表示在將來(lái)的某一時(shí)刻或?qū)?lái)的某一時(shí)刻之前完成的動(dòng)作，這一動(dòng)作也可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。例如：
By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line. 如果火車運(yùn)行正常，我們今天下午七點(diǎn)就到上海了。
Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work. 到上床睡覺(jué)的時(shí)候，小明會(huì)做完他的工作(或作業(yè))。
By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years. 到明年二月，這個(gè)外國(guó)專家在這兒做這項(xiàng)工作就滿五年了。
By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games. 到2008年9月，北京將舉行完了奧運(yùn)會(huì)。
翻譯練習(xí)：
1)七月份你們?cè)賮?lái)時(shí)，他們就搬進(jìn)新房子里去了。
When you come again in July, they will have moved into a new house.
2)到下一個(gè)五一節(jié)，我們?cè)谝黄鸬臅r(shí)間就很長(zhǎng)了。
By next May Day we shall have been together for a long time.
3)我相信，在你到那兒之前，這些困難他已經(jīng)解決了。
I’m sure he will have settled/solved the difficulties before you arrive there.
4)到明年七月，我就大學(xué)畢業(yè)了。
By July next year, I will have graduated from college.
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