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英語寫作中的過渡詞
漢語文章的組織靠的是意合，即句子與句子之間的聯(lián)系靠的是句子意義的本身，句子的連接很少使用太多的連接詞;而英語文章的組織靠的是形合，句子的連接離不開過渡詞。下面是小編為大家搜索整理的關(guān)于英語寫作中的過渡詞，供參考閱讀！
過渡詞
過渡詞是一種關(guān)系指引詞，其作用是連接上下文，使文章保持連貫、自然、通順。過渡詞可以用于句子與句子之間的連接，還可以用于段落與段落之間的連接。當(dāng)句子進(jìn)入語段、語段進(jìn)入語篇時，往往需要用一些連接手段把句子和句子、語段和語段，有時甚至是段落與段落連接起來，使它們之間建立起各種各樣的語義關(guān)系，并使整個語篇在意義上具有連貫性。根據(jù)章振邦的劃分，英語的銜接手段主要分為三大類：過渡詞銜接、詞匯紐帶和語法照應(yīng)。我們在此主要討論過渡詞連接。
過渡詞的使用是保證段落或文章連貫的重要手段之一，同時也是英語寫作中應(yīng)注意的一個關(guān)鍵問題。本德(Bander)曾在其著作《美國英語修辭》(American English Rhetoric)中高度概括了寫作中使用過渡詞的重要性，認(rèn)為“有兩個技巧比學(xué)任何其它的更能增強英語寫作技能：其一是使用過渡連接詞;其二是使用從屬關(guān)系”。
夸克(Quirk)等人把過渡詞分為13大類：(1)列舉類;(2)強勢類;(3) 對等類;(4) 轉(zhuǎn)折類;(5) 總結(jié)類;(6) 同位類;(7)結(jié)果類;(8)推論類;(9)重述類;(10)替換類;(11)對立類;(12)讓步類;(13)時間轉(zhuǎn)換類。蔡基剛將過渡詞分為11類：舉例、比較、對照、讓步、原因、結(jié)果、強調(diào)、遞進(jìn)、結(jié)論、時間和空間。
我們立足于教學(xué)，從方便實用的角度出發(fā)，綜合以上學(xué)者的成果，將過渡詞按語義劃分為以下最常見的幾種類型：(一)表示添加信息：and， also， too， furthermore，besides， moreover， in addition， what is more等;( 二) 表示因果關(guān)系：because， for， for this reason， because of， since， as a result， thus，therefore， so， consequently， of course， accordingly等;( 三) 表示文章意義的轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ龋篴lthough， however， on the contrary， still， but，otherwise， despite， nevertheless， though， in fact， on the other hand， asa matter of fact等;(四)表示文章中事件發(fā)生的時空順序：first，second， third， after that， meanwhile， then， before， next， formerly， later，finally， in the end， at last等;( 五) 表示列舉：firstly， secondly， forone thing…for another， first of all， to begin with， then， last等;(六)表示舉例、解釋：for example， for instance， that is， namely， to illustrate等;(七)表示總結(jié)：in short， to sum up， in conclusion， briefly， on thewhole， to conclude， to summarize等。下面我們逐一進(jìn)行說明。
(一)表示添加，進(jìn)一步說明或強調(diào)的過渡詞
常用詞：besides 此外，furthermore 此外，additionally 此外，inaddition 此外，in particular 特別地，moreover 此外，what is more 另外。例如：
�、� Now it’s time to become concerned with the future of ours. Inparticular， we must pay enough attention to the problem ofpollution.
�、� As this society looks to education highly， there is a sense ofdignity and pride in receiving a college education. In addition/Furthermore/Besides/What is more， I believe with a collegeeducation I can serve my fellow men and my country better.
(二)表示原因、理由和結(jié)果的過渡詞
accordingly 于是，as a result 因此，because of 由于，consequently因此，due to 由于，thanks to 幸虧，for this reason 由于這個原因，hence因此，in this way 這樣，therefore 因此，thus 因此。例如：
�、� Because of/Due to science， we now live safer， morecomfortable and convenient lives.
�、� Our standard of living today is much higher than it was before.
As a result， more and more people can afford their own housesand cars.
�、� He was told to speak briefly; accordingly， he cut short hisremarks.
�、� It is important to have good plans if we want to be successful.
In this way/So/For this reason/Because of this/Therefore/Asa result/Consequently， it is most important to have a goodbeginning whenever we want to accomplish something.
(三)表示比較或?qū)Ρ鹊倪^渡詞
equally important 同樣重要地，similarly 同樣地，despite 縱使，in spite of 縱使，likewise 同樣重要地，nevertheless 不過，conversely 相反地，on the contrary 相反地，on the other hand 另一方面。例如：
�、� Despite/In spite of all the heartaches and the difficulties， acollege education is still our best passport to success.
② If we lacked freedoms， people could not say what they felt.
On the other hand/Conversely， if we lacked laws， then societywould be disorderly and violent.
�、� Jones’ case was dismissed. Similarly， so were the chargesagainst Smith.
�、� Congress can pass a law and the President may signit. Never theless， the Supreme Cour t can declare i tunconstitutional.
(四)表示文章中事件發(fā)生的時空順序
afterward 以后，at present 目前，at the same time 同時，currently 目前，in the meantime 同時，meanwhile 同時，lately 最近，recently 最近，since then... 之后，soon 不久，soon after 不久之后，today 現(xiàn)在。例如：
�、� At present/Currently/Today/Recently/Lately， more andmore people are realizing the importance of protecting ourenvironment.
�、� Meanwhile/In the meantime/At the same time， students shouldhave more free time for reading what they like to read.
�、� Since then， people have become more and more interested inlearning English.
(五)表示列舉的過渡詞
First of all 首先;In the first place， …Second， ... Finally 首先……，第二……，第三……;Firstly， …Secondly， ...Thirdly 第一……，第二……，第三……;At the very beginning， …Then， …
Finally，… 首先……其次……最后……;To begin with， …Next， …
Finally，… 首先……其次……最后……。
例如：
Our standard of living today is much higher than it wasbefore. But this does not mean that the spiritual quality of our liveshas also improved. What should we do?
First/First of all/In the first place， we must understand thatmoney can’t buy happiness. Don’t be a slave to it. Second， weshould spend time with friends and family. And third， we should findtime to listen to the birds sing， and see the beautiful scenery.
(六)常用表示舉例解釋的過渡詞
常用的表示舉例的過渡詞語有：for example 舉例，namely(等于“that is”)即，這就是說，for instance 舉例，a case in point恰當(dāng)?shù)睦印＠纾?/p>
�、� The means of production， namely， factories， mines and landshould be improved.
�、� A lot of people here， like Tom for example， would rather stay athome watching TV.
�、� A case in point is the water control project along the YangtzeRiver.
(七)表示總結(jié)、結(jié)論的過渡詞
As has been noted 如前所述，As I have said 如我所述，In brief簡言之，In conclusion 總之，In short 簡言之，In summary 總之，Tosum up 總之，To conclude 總之，Eventually 最后，In my opinion 以我看來，F(xiàn)rom this point of view 從這個觀點來看，On account of this， wecan find that… 由此我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)……，On the whole 總起來說，Atlarge 總體上而，Personally 我個人認(rèn)為……，Thus， this is the reasonwhy we must… 因此，這就是我們?yōu)槭裁幢仨殹�。例如�?/p>
① In conclusion， let us encourage the exchange of ideas andopinions by means of debates.
�、� In short/In brief/To sum up/In summary， I think that time hascome for the introduction of strict measures to protect ourenvironment.
③ As has been noted/As I have said， country life is morebeneficial than city life.
過渡詞使上下文的連接自然、緊湊，使文章整體具有結(jié)構(gòu)上的粘著性和意義上的連貫性。雖然過渡詞的使用并不是文章連貫的唯一手段，但確實是一種十分重要和有效的手段。這部分需要學(xué)生平時通過大量的句子練習(xí)掌握好各種紛繁的過渡詞的使用，為自己的寫作錦上添花。
此外還有一些形容詞短語、同位語從句等表達(dá)因果關(guān)系的結(jié)構(gòu)和陳述套語有時也可作為過渡詞使用。如：
… Attribute to … (原因) [形容詞短語](原因)… which in turn (結(jié)果)
Account for … (原因)
(結(jié)果) lie in the fact that (原因)
(結(jié)果) result from (原因)
It is precisely because… (原因) that (結(jié)果)… [強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)](原因) be responsible for (結(jié)果)
It’s well known to us that ...
As is known to us， ...
This is a topic that is being widely talked about.
From the graph (table， chart) listed above， it can be seen that ...
例如：
① They give rise to unfair competition， which in turn throwsoriginal businesses into a commercial panic.
�、� As is well known to us， it is important for the students to knowthe world outside campus.
�、� The reason for this is obvious. Nowadays. the society ischanging and developing rapidly. and the campus is no longeran “ivory tower”. As college students. we must get in touch withthe world outside the campus. Only in this way can we adaptourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.
諸如此類的結(jié)構(gòu)還有很多，比如表達(dá)數(shù)量、優(yōu)點、缺點、重要、必要、困難、方便、可能、措施、變化、事實、現(xiàn)狀、比較、看法、結(jié)論，如As the proverb says… 正如諺語所言，Everybodyknows that… 每個人都知道，Generally speaking， … 一般說來，It isknown to us that… 眾所周知，It is true that… 的確，Many people aremuch interested in the question that… 許多人都對……感興趣，Thereis no doubt that… 毫無疑問，等等。總之，過渡詞紛繁復(fù)雜，只有在學(xué)習(xí)中慢慢摸索，慢慢積累，才能切實地提高英語寫作水平。
英語寫作句型
1、詞與詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1).形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞
This painting is very valuable.
This painting is of great value.
2).動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞
Our hometown has changed a lot these years.
Great changes have taken place in my hometown these years.
2、詞與從句的轉(zhuǎn)換
As he was tired and hungry, the boy was unwilling to move on
Tired and hungry, the boy was unwilling to move on.
3、非謂語動詞與從句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1).動名詞和從句的轉(zhuǎn)換
When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.
On hearing his arrival, please give me an e-mail.
2).分詞和從句的轉(zhuǎn)換
A.現(xiàn)在分詞與從句的轉(zhuǎn)換
As he was lying in the grass, he thought of his parents living in the countryside.
Lying in the grass, he thought of his parents living in the countryside.
B.過去分詞與從句的轉(zhuǎn)換
Once it is seen, it will never be forgotten.
Once seen, it will never be forgotten
3).不定式與從句的轉(zhuǎn)換
He spoke louder so that the audience could hear him clearly.
To make himself heard clearly, he spoke louder.
4、獨立主格與從句的轉(zhuǎn)換
If weather permits, we shall go there on foot.
Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot.(邏輯主語+現(xiàn)在分詞)
If everything is considered, his plan seems to be more workable.
Everything taken into consideration, his plan seems to be more workable.
(邏輯主語+過去分詞)
When this was done, we went home.
This done, we went home.
Given good luck, I will earn more money than all of you.
Good luck given, I will earn more money than all of you.
Because there was nothing to do, we played games.
There being nothing to do, we played games.(being不可省略)
1).簡單句與復(fù)合句的轉(zhuǎn)換
The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.
The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.
2).一般句式與強調(diào)句的轉(zhuǎn)換
I graduatedfromthe university last summer.
It was last summer that I graduatedfromthe university.
3).條件句與祈使句的轉(zhuǎn)換
If you go through the gate, you will find the entrance to Bear Country.
Go through the gate, and you will find the entrance to Bear Country.
4).賓語從句與狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換
I wont believe what he says.
No matter what he says, I wont believe him.
6、“二態(tài)”之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1).時態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換
The bell is ringing now.
There goes the bell.
2).主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)
People suggested that the meeting be put off.
It is suggested that the meeting be put off.
7、其他形式的轉(zhuǎn)換
1).正常語序與倒裝語序的轉(zhuǎn)換
Though Im weak I will make the effort.
Weak as I am, I will make the effort.
They will never give up the struggle for success
Never will they give up the struggle for success.
2).陳述語氣與虛擬語氣的轉(zhuǎn)換
The ship didnt sink with all on board because there were the efforts of the captain.
But for the efforts of the captain, the ship would have sunk with all on board.
1.時間或順序
At the same time, as soon as, so far, since, now, when, meanwhile, shortly, later, lately, after a while, at this time, before, earlier, presently, in the meantime, formerly, previously, simultaneously, eventually, finally, concurrently , immediately, subsequently, lastly, consequently, since then, following this, preceding this, at the outset, at this point, after, afterwards, after this, at once, at length, in the mean time, meanwhile, at the same time, in the end, not long after, some time ago, at present, all of a sudden, from this time on.
2.闡述說明
In other words, again, as has been pointed out, to repeat, as I have said above, once again, after all, indeed, in fact, truly, chiefly, especially, actually, particularly, to be sure, above all, most important of all, even worse, no doubt, needless to say.
3.對比
but, however, yet, or, nevertheless, still, nonetheless, conversely, nor rather, whereas, though, on the one hand, on the contrary, by contrast with/to, even though, instead, unlike, different from, in contrast (with/to), instead (of), unlike, while, for all of that, notwithstanding, something is just the other way around, opposed to, as opposed to.
4.類比
similarly, likewise, like, as, at the same time, in fact, too, in the same way, in alike manner, both, also, compared with, in comparison with
5.舉例及序數(shù)詞
first of all, to begin with, first, second, next, in the first (second) place, furthermore, moreover, beyond that, also, besides, in addition, what is more, such as, finally, for example, for instance, in this case, namely, a case in point is…, consider…, in particular, including…, for one thing…, for another…, put it simply, stated roughly, as an illustration, I will say…, a good example (of…) would be…, to detail this, I would like to…, it is interesting to note that…, in this situation, as proof, take the case of…, take (something) as example, as for, as regards, as to, according to, on this occasion.
6.原因和結(jié)果
Since, because (of), as, for, owing to, result from, due to, on account of, on the ground of, as a result of, being that, another important factor/reason of…, in that…, for the reason that…, in view of.
So, therefore, thus, hence, as a result, accordingly, for this reason, on that account, it follows that, thereupon, inevitably, under these conditions, as a consequence, consequently, in consequence, so that, not only…but (also…), so… as to
7.總結(jié)
To sum up, in summary, to summarize, in short, in brief, to be brief, on the whole, in conclusion, to conclude, the conclusion can be drawn that…
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