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2017年考研《英語》翻譯題練習與答案
Text 1
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.(61)The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different rom their own.Two anthropologists—linguists,F(xiàn)ranz Boas and Edward Sapir,were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.
(62)We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished,as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.Other linguists in the earlier part of this century,however,who were less eager to deal with bizarre(古怪的)data from“exotic(外來的)”language,were not always so grateful.(63)The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the wellstudied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.Native American languages are indeed different,so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World WarⅡto sand secret messages.
Sapir’s pupil,Benjamin Lee Whorf,continued the study of American Indian languages.(64)Being interested in the relationship of the language and thought,Whorf developed the idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language,the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.(65)Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which,in its strongest from,states that language imprisons the mind,and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a society.Later,this idea became to be known as the SapirWhorf hypothesis,but this term is somewhat inappropriate.Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.
翻譯題解:
考題所選文章是關(guān)于語言和思維關(guān)系的有趣話題,文中語言用詞較通俗易懂,結(jié)構(gòu)也不如往年復(fù)雜,總體難度不算大。從卷面反映的情況看,第3、5句正確率較低,1、2、4句得分相對高些。
文章開篇即指出,早在古希臘,人們就認識到語言與思維有關(guān)聯(lián),而將語言研究用于不同的語言上,則是近代的事。文中以20世紀上半葉的兩個著名人類學家、語言學家Franz Boas 和Edward Sapir為例,指出他們對人類語言研究方面做出的貢獻。文中的另一重要人物是Sapir 的學生Benjamin Lee Whorf,他通過分析部落語言的興衰證明了語言與文化的不可分割性,提出了Sapir-Whorf假說。下面我們對5個劃線句的翻譯分別給出具體的分析解答過程。
(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
句子分析:
這是一個帶賓語從句,定語從句的復(fù)合句,其框架結(jié)構(gòu)分析如下:
主句的主、謂結(jié)構(gòu):The Greeks assumed that 希臘人假定
賓語從句:the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought語言結(jié)構(gòu)與思想的過程之間有某種聯(lián)系
定語從句:which took root in Europe(這種想法)扎根于歐洲
時間狀語從句:long before people realized how diverse language could be早在人們意識到語言會有多么的不同之前
翻譯技巧:
此句可以采用層層剝繭的方法,先抓住整個句子的結(jié)構(gòu),然后再考慮具體的措詞問題。在理清了上述結(jié)構(gòu)之后,還需注意下面幾個詞語的處理:
assumed 假定;認為;以為
the process of thought思想的過程;思維過程
took root生根;在…扎下了根
很多人不能正確理解這個動詞詞組的意思,有的譯成了“起源于…..”,“在…….出現(xiàn)了”,有的譯成了“在….占統(tǒng)治地位”,都是不可接受的翻譯。
long before 早在…之前;“在…之前早就…”
考生的錯誤在于不能辨別long before所限定的時間順序,有譯成“在扎根歐洲很長時間之前”,“不久的將來人們就意識到…”, 也有譯成“很久以前人們就意識到…”。另外, 不要與before long(不久,不久以后)相混淆
diverse “豐富;差異性;多樣性;千差萬別”
多數(shù)人犯錯是因為不認識該詞意思,憑印象根據(jù)拼寫類似詞而譯成“相反;倒轉(zhuǎn);轉(zhuǎn)換”。
how diverse 多么的不同;多么的千差萬別
could be 可能會是(can 過去式)
完整的譯文:
希臘人認為,語言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維的過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這種想法,早在人們意識到語言會有多么千差萬別之前在歐洲就已經(jīng)根深蒂固了。
(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
句子分析:
這是一個帶原因狀語從句、定語從句的復(fù)合句,其框架結(jié)構(gòu)分析如下:
主句的主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu):We are obliged to them 我們感激他們
原因狀語從句:because some of these languages have since vanished因為自此這些語言中的一部分消失了
定語從句:as the peoples who spoke them die d out or became assimilated and lost their native languages 因為講它們的人滅亡了或同化了,并且喪失了自己的語言
翻譯技巧:
此句的結(jié)構(gòu)并不難掌握,主要是準確表達其中的下面幾個措辭:
1)be obliged to感激,感謝某人
極少有人能譯對這個詞組,多數(shù)人根據(jù)oblige的常用意思譯為“被迫”,“有義務(wù)”,都不符原文。這里提醒考生,同樣的拼寫可能有多種不同的含義。許多人片面追求詞匯量,以為達到5000千、6000千詞匯就沒問題了。其實,詞匯的問題比較復(fù)雜,除了拼寫、基本含義,還有搭配、用法、多重含義等。這些是用詞匯表、小字典進行強記所無法解決的。
2)have since vanished從那以后就消失了,不復(fù)存在了;此處的since 表示 “從此以后”之意;
since 在這句中是副詞,一般人只掌握了其作為連詞和介詞的用法,而本句since后面只有單詞vanished,是謂語的一部分,這難倒了許多人,有的譯為“自從消失以后”,有的則譯為“自從他們絕種后”,都不正確。可見,詞匯的學習除了注意詞義,還要留心詞性。
die out 滅絕,完全的滅亡(cease living completely; become extinct);不宜譯作 “死亡,消失”。
完整的譯文::
我們之所以感激他們,是因為從此以后,這些語言中的一部分消失了,因為講這些語言的人要么滅絕了,要么被同化了,因而喪失了自己的語言。
(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
句子分析:
這是一個帶有結(jié)果狀語從句的系表結(jié)構(gòu),主句系表結(jié)構(gòu)的框架為:
The …languages were so different from.. that …各種語言是如此的不同,以至于……
結(jié)果狀語:some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.一些學者甚至指責Boas 和Sapir編造了他們的資料
定語:The newly described languages 這些新近被描述的語言
介詞from 的賓語:the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia 經(jīng)過充分研究的歐洲和東南亞的語言
翻譯技巧:
翻譯此句的關(guān)鍵在于掌握結(jié)構(gòu)原文的so ... that …(如此…以至于)結(jié)構(gòu);措詞表達上,應(yīng)當注意accused sb. of sth. (指責/譴責某人作了某事),fabricating(捏造, 偽造, 虛構(gòu)),以及The newly described(這些新近被描述的),strikingly different(顯著的不同),the well studied languages(經(jīng)過充分研究的各種語言)的準確譯法。
此句難點有三處:
1) strikingly different 差別顯著
許多人不理解strikingly,要么不譯,要么錯譯為“嚴格不同”,“完全差別”。
2) so…that (如此…) 以至于
由于so…that間隔長,有的考生看不道這一句法結(jié)構(gòu),錯把that后的從句當作South Asia的定語,譯文語義混亂。
3) fabricating 編造
這個詞許多人不認識,錯譯為 “構(gòu)造”,“修飾”,“弄錯”或“修改”。
完整的譯文::
這些新近被描述的各種語言與經(jīng)過充分研究的歐洲和東南亞的語言是如此的顯著的不同,以至于一些學者甚至指責Boas 和Sapir編造了他們的資料。
(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
句子分析:
這是一個由現(xiàn)在分詞短語引起的帶同位語從句的復(fù)合句。
主句的主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu)為:Whorf developed the idea Whorf 逐漸形成了這種見解
同位語從句:(the idea)that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society 在一個社會里,語言的結(jié)構(gòu)決定習慣思想的結(jié)構(gòu)
現(xiàn)在分詞短語:Being interested in the relationship of language and thought(他)對語言與思維的關(guān)系感興趣
翻譯技巧:
本句在五題中相對較容易,不少人得了滿分。being interested in …應(yīng)譯作一個句子,即 “Whorf對語思維的關(guān)系很感興趣”, Developed the idea 出錯稍多,有譯成“發(fā)明了一種認識”,也有譯成“發(fā)展了一個注意”,都不恰當,而是“形成觀點”,主要是漢語表達要恰當; habitual thought 應(yīng)譯作 “習慣(性)思維”,而不宜譯作 “思考、思想”。同位語結(jié)構(gòu)可考慮用冒號提示性方法來處理。
完整的譯文::
Whorf對語言與思維的關(guān)系很感興趣,他逐漸形成了這樣一種觀念:在一個社會里,語言的結(jié)構(gòu)決定了習慣思維的結(jié)構(gòu)。
(65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.
句子分析:
這是一個帶賓語從句,定語從句的復(fù)合句,其框架結(jié)構(gòu)分析如下:
主句的主、謂結(jié)構(gòu):Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism Whorf逐漸相信某種語言決定論
定語從句:(帶兩個并列賓語從句)which, …states that, …and that..這一論點宣稱,……而且宣稱……
并列賓語從句1:language imprisons the mind in 語言將思想禁錮其中
并列賓語從句2:the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society 語言的語法模式可以對某一社會文化產(chǎn)生深遠的影響。
插入成分:in its strongest form以自己最強烈的形式
翻譯技巧:
此句是5個試題中最難的一句。一是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,句中有句,一環(huán)套一環(huán);二是一些詞語不宜直譯,如:come to believe 開始相信;都需要按漢語表達習慣在措辭上進行調(diào)整,才能翻譯出正確的意思。
1)a sort of 某種
典型的錯譯是“一系列”。某些類似漢語量詞的表達需要考生給予足夠重視。
2) linguistic determinism語言決定論
linguistic意思是“語言的,語言學的”,determinism的后綴表示“…論,…主義”,但許多人沒能掌握這一構(gòu)詞知識。
3) in its strongest form其極端說法是;在其最強烈的形式下
很多人沒能根據(jù)本句的語境理解,而是照字面意思譯為“它的最強烈的形式;它的最有力的形式”,這都不符合要求。
4) imprison the mind禁錮思維
考生出錯是由于沒找到表達imprison的恰當漢語,譯為“關(guān)閉思維;囚禁頭腦”。imprison把……關(guān)在監(jiān)獄中,囚禁;
5) far-reaching 深遠的; 伸得很遠的;
這是個合成詞,許多人沒掌握,只能根據(jù)字面猜測:“遠不可及的”,“遠遠到達的”等等, 這些都不正確。
完整的譯文:
Whorf逐漸接受了某種語言決定論的觀點;這種觀點的極端說法是:語言禁錮了思想,語言的語法模式可以對某種社會文化產(chǎn)生深遠的影響。
全文參考譯文
許多世紀以來哲學家一直對語言與思維的關(guān)系頗感興趣。(61)希臘人認為,語言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點在人們尚未認識到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。直到最近語言學家才開始認真研究與自己的母語截然不同的語言。兩位人類學家、語言學家佛朗茨·博厄斯和愛德華·薩皮爾在二十世紀上半葉描述了北美和南美許多土著語言,在這方面他們堪稱先驅(qū)。(62)我們之所以感激他們(兩位無驅(qū)),是因為在此之后,這些(土著)語言中有一些已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在了,這是由于說這些語言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化而喪失了自己的本族語言。不過,在該世紀早期其他語言學家并不那么熱心處理“異域”語言中的怪異數(shù)據(jù),因此他們常不被人們所稱道。(63)這些新近被描述的語言與已經(jīng)得到充分研究的歐洲和東南亞地區(qū)的語言往往差別顯著,以至于有些學者甚至指責博厄斯和薩皮爾編造了材料。美洲土著語言的確十分特異,納瓦霍語實際上在二戰(zhàn)中可以被美軍用作密碼發(fā)密碼電報。
薩皮爾的學生本杰明·李·沃夫繼續(xù)研究美洲印第安人的語言。(64)沃夫?qū)φZ言與思維的關(guān)系很感興趣,逐漸形成了這樣的觀點:在一個社會中,語言的結(jié)構(gòu)決定習慣思維的結(jié)構(gòu)。他論述說,某一特定語言中比較容易形成某些特定概念,但與此有別的其他概念則不易形成,因此該語言的使用者思考問題只會沿著這一條道而不會沿著那一條道進行。(65)沃夫進而相信某種類似語言決定論的觀點,其極端說法是:語言禁錮思維,語言的語法結(jié)構(gòu)能對一個社會的文化產(chǎn)生深遠的影響。后來,這種觀點成為了知名的薩皮爾—沃夫假說,不過這個術(shù)語有點不妥。雖然薩皮爾和沃夫都強調(diào)各種語言之間的差異性,但薩皮爾自己從來沒有明確地表示過支持語言決定論的觀念。
Text 2
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalists intellectual preparation for his or her career.
(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.
重點詞匯:
discipline:
[記]聯(lián)想記憶:dis(不)+cip(拿)+line(線)——不拿老百姓一針一線——紀律
n.紀律,規(guī)定 [例]Without discipline, there is no method.沒有規(guī)矩,不成方圓。
學科 [例]We will set up a new academic discipline in our school.我們將在學校設(shè)立一門新的理論學科。
訓練 [例]The mountaineer has been under perfect discipline. 那登山隊員受過良好的訓練。
[派]disciplined a.受過訓練的,遵守紀律的
preserve:
[記]詞根記憶:pre(預(yù)先)+serve(保持)——便于長久保存而預(yù)先采取措施——保護,保藏
Vt.保護,維持 [例]preserve one’s eyesight 保護視力
保存,保藏 [例]Tom preserved the meat in the fridge.湯姆將肉保存在了冰箱里。
腌制 [例]The local people use smokehouses to preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually.每年,當?shù)厝死醚剖襾黼缰瞥蓢嵉聂~和其它海產(chǎn)品。
parallel:
[記]para(類似)+llel——類似的
a.平行的,并聯(lián)的 [例]parallel lines 平行線
[考]run parallel to/ with 與…平行;parallel to/ with 平行的,并聯(lián)的
competent:
[記]來自compete(vi.競爭),com(加強)+pete(競爭)——競爭
a。有能力的,勝任的 [例]Young as he is ,this new manager is really competent.這位新來的經(jīng)理盡管很年輕,但是非常有能力。
[派]incompetent a.不合格的,不勝任的;competently ad。勝任地,適合地
interpretations:
[記]來自interpret——inter(在…之間)+prêt——在兩種語言之間——口譯
Vt。解釋,說明 [例]The professor asked me to interpret the long difficult sentence in front of the class.教授讓我在全班同學面前解釋那句又長又難得句子
了解,認為 [例]I interpreted her answer as a refusal.我把她的回答理解為是一種拒絕。
口譯 [例]I interpreted the ambassador’s remarks for everybody.我為大家口譯了大使的話。
[派]interpretation n.解釋;口譯;interpreter n.口譯者,解釋者
well-grounded: ad.基礎(chǔ)牢固的, 有充分根據(jù)的
翻譯題解:
46. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
句子分段: Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions || as the special preserve of lawyers, || rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
句子結(jié)構(gòu): 1) 主干結(jié)構(gòu):簡單句legal learning has been viewed as...rather than...;2) view...as中間插入介詞詞組in such institutions作狀語,該詞組的含義要到前一句話中去找,指的是“Canadian universities”。
詞的處理: institution機構(gòu);special preserve專門的工作;intellectual equipment知識素養(yǎng);educated受過良好教育的
參考譯文:
傳統(tǒng)上,在加拿大的高等學府里,學習法律一直被看作是律師的專門工作,而不是一個受過良好教育的人所必須具備的知識素養(yǎng)。
47. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
句子分段: On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner || which is parallel to the links || journalists forge on a daily basis || as they cover and comment on the news.
句子結(jié)構(gòu): 1) 主語+謂語+which引導的定語從句+省略引導詞的定語從句+as引導的狀語從句;2) these concepts的含義也要到前邊的句子中去找,指的是前面提到的justice, democracy and freedom;3) which引導的定語從句which is...the news修飾manner,其中包含了定語從句journalists...daily basis,修飾links以及as引導的狀語從句。
詞的處理: concept觀念;everyday reality日常生活中的實際情況;in a...manner以……方式;parallel類似的,相似的;forge使形成;on a basis以……為基礎(chǔ);cover報道
參考譯文:
另一方面,法律又將正義、民主和自由這些觀念與日常生活中的實際聯(lián)系在一起,其方式就如同新聞工作者在報道和評論新聞事件時,以日常生活為基礎(chǔ),使這些觀念與實際情況相結(jié)合一樣。
48. But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
句子分段: But the idea || that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen || rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
句子結(jié)構(gòu): 1) 主語+that引導的同位語從句+謂語(rest on)+賓語(an understanding of...);2) the established conventions和special responsibilities均修飾news media。
詞的處理: profoundly深刻地;rest on建立在……之上,以……為基礎(chǔ)或根據(jù);understanding理解,共識;established既定的,確認的;convention規(guī)范;news media新聞媒體
參考譯文:
但是,新聞工作者對于法律的理解應(yīng)該比普通公民更加深刻,這個觀點是在對于新聞媒體的既定規(guī)范和特殊的社會責任有深刻認識的基礎(chǔ)之上建立的。
49. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
句子分段: In fact, it is difficult to see || how journalists || who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution || can do a competent job on political stories.
句子結(jié)構(gòu): 1) 形式主語it+表語+真實主語how...political stories;2) 真實主語是how引導的從句,該從句的主語是journalists,謂語部分是can do...;who引導的定語從句修飾journalists。
詞的處理: see設(shè)想,想象;grasp領(lǐng)會,理解;basic feature基本特點;competent令人滿意的;story新聞報道
參考譯文:
實際上,很難想象那些對于加拿大憲法的基本特點缺乏清晰了解的新聞工作者能夠勝任政治新聞報道的工作。
50. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
句子分段:While comment and reaction from lawyers || may enhance stories, || it is preferable for journalists || to rely on their own notions of significance and || make their own judgments.
句子結(jié)構(gòu):while引導的狀語從句+形式主語it+真實主語to rely on...and make...。
詞的處理: reaction反應(yīng);enhance提高,提升;preferable更可取的,更好的;rely on依靠,依賴;notion見解,看法;significance重要性,意義;make one’s own judgment作出自己的判斷
參考譯文:
律師的評論和反應(yīng)當然能夠提升新聞報道的價值,但是,記者們最好還是依靠自己對于事件重要性的認識來做出判斷。
全文翻譯:
幾個世紀以來,有關(guān)法律的研究一直被看成是歐洲各國大學的一門基本的知識學科。不過,只是在最近幾年有關(guān)法律的研究才成為加拿大大學教育的一門學科。傳統(tǒng)上,在加拿大的高等學府里,學習法律一直被看作是律師的專門工作,而不是一個受過良好教育的人所必須具備的知識素養(yǎng)。幸運的是,加拿大的許多大學正在樹立法律教育更傳統(tǒng)、更具有大陸特性的觀念,有些甚至已經(jīng)開始授予法律學士學位。
如果有關(guān)法律的研究正在開始成為普通教育一個不可缺少的學科的話,那么它的目的和方法應(yīng)該會即刻吸引新聞學教育家。法律是一門學科,這門學科鼓勵進行有責任的判斷。一方面,它為分析像公正、民主以及自由這樣的概念提供機會。另一方面,法律又將正義、民主和自由這些觀念與日常生活中的實際聯(lián)系在一起,其方式就如同新聞工作者在報道和評論新聞事件時,以日常生活為基礎(chǔ),使這些觀念與實際情況相結(jié)合一樣。比如,有關(guān)證據(jù)和事實、基本權(quán)利和公眾利益這樣的概念在新聞判斷和新聞制作過程中起作用,就像在法庭上一樣。通過學習并且反省法律來強化判斷是一名新聞記者為其事業(yè)進行知識準備時渴望實現(xiàn)的。
但是,新聞工作者對于法律的理解應(yīng)該比普通公民更加深刻,這個觀點是在對于新聞媒體的既定規(guī)范和特殊的社會責任有深刻認識的基礎(chǔ)之上建立的。政治,或者更廣泛一點,國家的職能,是新聞記者報道的一個主要方面。他們對國家運作的方式了解越多,他們的報道就越優(yōu)秀。實際上,很難想象那些對于加拿大憲法的基本特點缺乏清晰了解的新聞工作者能夠勝任政治新聞報道的工作。
此外,法律體系以及其中發(fā)生的事件是新聞記者報道的主題。雖然與法律有關(guān)的新聞報道的性質(zhì)差別很大,但是,許多新聞記者過分依賴律師提供給他們的詮釋。律師的評論和反應(yīng)當然能夠提升新聞報道的價值,但是,記者們最好還是依靠自己對于事件重要性的認識來做出判斷。
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