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2017中石油職稱英語考試試題及答案
試題一：
怎樣在書上做標(biāo)記
1. You know youhave to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. Iwant to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of yourreading. I want to persuade you to "write between the lines." Unlessyou do,you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.
1、你知道讀書必須要閱讀，“字里行間的言外之意”，以求最充分的理解。我勸你在讀書過程中做一件同等重要的事情;我勸你“在字里行間里寫字”。不這樣做，就達(dá)不到最有效的閱讀效果。
2. I contend,quitebluntly,that marking up a book is not an act of mutilation but love.
2、坦率地說，我認(rèn)為，在書上涂抹標(biāo)記不是一種損毀行為，而是愛。
3. You shouldn'tmark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends) who lend youbooks expect you to keep them clean,and you should. If you decide that I amright about the usefulness of marking books,you will have to buy them. Most ofthe world's great books are available today,in reprint editions,for a modestsum.
3、當(dāng)然，你不應(yīng)該在不屬于你的書上做標(biāo)記。借給你書的圖書管理員(或者你的朋友)希望你保持書的整潔，你應(yīng)該這樣做。如果你認(rèn)為我說的在書上做標(biāo)記頗有益處這番話是對的，你就得自己買書�，F(xiàn)在，絕大部分世界上的好書都有再版，我們很容易買到，并且價格合理。
4. There are twoways in which you can own a book. The first is the property right you establishby paying for it,just as you pay for clothes,and furniture. But this act ofpurchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when youhave made it a part of yourself,and the best way to make yourself a part of itis by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy abeefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own. But you do notown the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get itinto your bloodstream. I am arguing that books,too,must be absorbed in yourbloodstream to do you any good.
4、一個人擁有書的方式有兩種，第一種是花錢取得財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)，就像你花錢買衣服和家具一樣。但是，這種購買行為僅是擁有書的前提。只有你將它化為自己的一部分后，你才完全占有了它;同時，把你自己融入書中的最好方法就是在書中寫字。打個比方可能使這個觀點(diǎn)更清楚。你買了一塊牛排，把它從屠夫的冰箱里移到了你自己的(冰箱里)。但是，從最重要的意義上說，你并沒有擁有這塊牛排，除非你吃下它并將它吸收進(jìn)你的血液之中。我的觀點(diǎn)是，書的營養(yǎng)也必須應(yīng)該被“吸收到血液”中，才能對你有所裨益。
5. Confusion aboutwhat it means to own a book leads people to a false reverence forpaper,binding,and type-a respect for the physical thing-the craft of theprinter rather than the genius of the author. They forget that it is possiblefor a man to acquire that idea,to possess the beauty,which a great bookcontains,without staking his claim by pasting his bookplate inside the cover.Having a fine library doesn't prove that its owner has a mind enriched bybooks; it proves nothing more than that he,his father,or his wife,was richenough to buy them.
5、對于“擁有書籍”的真正含義的誤解使人們錯誤地崇敬紙張、裝訂和樣式-這是對物質(zhì)的崇敬-是崇敬印刷工人的技藝，而不是書籍作者的才華。他們忘記了，即使不在封面里貼上藏書票表明自己對書籍的擁有，人們也可以從一本偉大的著作中獲得它的精神，領(lǐng)略它的美麗。一個好書房并不能證明它的主人學(xué)富五車;僅僅說明他、他的父親或是他的妻子有錢買書而已。
6. There are threekinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets andbest-sellers-unread,untouched. (This deluded individual owns woodpulp andink,not books.) The second has a great many books-a few of them readthrough,most Of them dipped into,but all of them as clean and shiny as the daythey were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own,but isrestrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has afew books or many every one of them dogeared and dilapidated,shaken andloosened by continual use,marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This manowns books.)
6、書籍擁有者可以分為三種。第一種人擁有全部的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成套書和暢銷書，-既沒讀過，也沒碰過。(這種人占有的只是紙漿和油墨，不是書籍。)第二種人藏書很多-其中幾本被通讀過，大部分則淺嘗輒止，但是所有的書都跟新買時一樣整潔光亮。(這種人可能想使書籍真地為其所用，但因錯誤地過分關(guān)注書籍的外觀而裹足不前。)第三種人藏書或多或少-因不斷使用，每本書都書角卷起，破舊不堪，裝訂破損，書頁松散，全書從扉頁至末頁都畫滿了記號，涂滿了字句。(這種人才是書的真正擁有者。)
7. Is it falserespect,you may ask,to preserve intact and unblemished a beautifully printedbook,an elegantly bound edition? Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over afirst edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set ofcrayons and an original Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue.Its soul,so to speak,is inseparable from its body. And the beauty of a rareedition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of a painting or astatue.
7、你可能要問，將一本印刷精美、裝幀雅致的書保存完好，難道也是不恰當(dāng)?shù)膯?當(dāng)然不是。我絕不會在一本初版的《失樂園》上亂涂亂寫，就像我不會把一幅倫勃朗的原作連同一盒蠟筆交給我的孩子任意涂抹一樣!我決不會在一幅繪畫或者一座雕像上做標(biāo)記。、
8. But the soul ofa book can be separated from its body. A book is more like the score of a pieceof music than it is like a painting. No great musician confuses a symphony withthe printed sheet of music. Arturo Toscanini revered Brahms,but Toscanini's scoreof the C-minor Symphony was so thoroughly marked up that no one but the maestrohimself could read it. The reason why a great conductor makes notations on hismusical scores-marks them up again and again each time he returns to studythem-is the reason why you should mark your books. If your respect formagnificent binding or typography gets in the way,buy yourself a cheap editionand pay your respects to the author.
8、但是，一本書的靈魂能夠從它的軀體里分離出來。與其說它像下幅畫，還不如說它更像一首樂曲的總譜。任何偉大的音樂家都不會將一首交響曲和一張印刷的樂譜相混淆。托斯卡尼尼非常崇敬博拉姆斯，但他的C小調(diào)交響曲的樂譜上畫滿了標(biāo)記，以致只有大師本人才能看懂。為什么一個偉大的指揮家會在樂譜上做記號-甚至每次研究都會重復(fù)標(biāo)記-其中的奧妙正是你應(yīng)該在書上做記號的原因。如果你對華美的裝幀和印刷的尊重妨礙你讀書的話，就給自己買一種便宜的版本，同時對書的作者表達(dá)敬意就可以了。
9. Why is markingup a book indispensable to reading? First,it keeps you awake. (And I don't meanmerely conscious; I mean wide awake.) In the second place,reading,if it isactive,is thinking,and thinking tends to express itself in words,spoken orwritten. That marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally,writinghelps you remember the thoughts you had,or the thoughts the author expressed.
9、為什么在閱讀過程中在書上做標(biāo)記是必不可少的呢?首先，它會使你保持清醒。(我指的不是僅僅神智清醒;我的意思是它能使你全神貫注。)其次，如果閱讀是一種能動的行為，那么它就是思考，而想法常常須借助口頭的或書面的語言來表達(dá)出來。做過記號的書，通常是讀者認(rèn)真思考過的書。最后，寫可以幫助你記住閱讀時的思想，或作者所表達(dá)的思想。
10. If reading isto accomplish anything more than passing time,it must be active. You can't letyour eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding ofwhat you have read. Now an ordinary piece of light fiction,like,say,Gone 14h'ththe Wind,doesn't require the most active kind of reading. The books you readfor pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation,and nothing is lost. But agreat book,rich in ideas and beauty,a book that raises and tries to answergreat fundamental questions,demands the most active reading of which you are capable.You don't absorb the ideas of John Dewey3 the way you absorb the songs of apopular singer. You have to reach for them. That you cannot do while you'reasleep.
10、如果(你的)閱讀的目的不僅僅是消磨時間，那就應(yīng)該是一種積極的思維活動，僅僅讓你的眼睛在書上掃視一遍，你不可能對所讀的內(nèi)容有所理解。當(dāng)然，一部普通的消遣小說，比如說《飄》，并不需要那種最積極的思維式的閱讀。作為消遣的書，可以輕松地讀而不會有所失。但一本思想豐富、文字華美，試圖提出帶根本性的重大問題并加以回答的偉大著作，則要求你盡可能地進(jìn)行最積極的閱讀。你不可能像欣賞流行歌曲那樣領(lǐng)略杜威的思想。你要花力氣才能獲得，漫不經(jīng)心是做不到的。
11. If,when you'vefinished reading a book,the pages are filled with your notes,you know you readactively. The most famous active reader of great books I know was PresidentHutchins,of the University of Chicago. He also hadthe hardest schedule of business activities of any man I know. He invariablyread with a pencil,and sometimes,when he picked up a book and pencil in theevening,he found himself,instead of making intelligent notes,drawing what hecalled "caviar factories" on the margins. When that happened,he putthe book down. He knew he was too tired to read,and was just wasting time.
11、如果，你讀完一本書的時候，書頁上寫滿了你的批注，你就知道自己的閱讀是積極的。我知道的最有名的采用積極方式閱讀偉大著作的人是，芝加哥大學(xué)的校長哈金斯。他也是我所知道的公務(wù)最繁忙的人。他讀書時總是拿著鉛筆。有時，當(dāng)他在晚上拿起書和鉛筆的時候，發(fā)覺自己并沒有在做有意義的筆記，而是在頁邊空白處亂涂亂畫一些他稱之為“魚子醬工廠”的東西。一出現(xiàn)這種情況，他就會放下書本。他知道自己太累了以致讀不下去，(再繼續(xù)看書)完全是在浪費(fèi)時間。
試題二：
阿爾伯達(dá)省
1. Alberta is located in the western part of Canada and is the westernmost among the Prairie Provinces. Toits west is British Columbia while to its eastis Saskatchewan.Its south borders on the U.S.state of Montana while its north borders onthe Northwest Territories.Alberta is amost popular place for people to go to on their vacations because of itsbeautiful scenery. The Canadian Rockies running through it have earned for itthe proud name of "Fifty Switzerland in One."
1、阿爾伯達(dá)省位于加拿大的西部，也是草原諸省中最西部的一個省份。它的西邊是不列顛哥倫比亞省，東部是薩斯喀徹溫省，它的南部與美國的蒙大拿州接壤，而北部則與西北地區(qū)相連。由于阿爾伯達(dá)省風(fēng)景優(yōu)美，人們都很喜歡去那里度假�？v貫全境的加拿大落磯山脈為它贏得了“集50個瑞士于一省”的美名。
2. With an area ofapproximately 255,212 square miles,equivalent to 661,000 square kilometers,itis the fourth largest province in Canada. Although it has apopulation of only 3.26 million,about one fifth of the population of Shanghai,it ranks also 4thin population among Canadian provinces. The province was named after PrincessLouis Caroline Alberta,a daughter of Queen Victoriaof England.It became a province of Canada in 1905.
2、該省面積約為255212平方英里，相當(dāng)于661000平方公里，是加拿大第四大省。雖然它的人口只有326萬，僅及上海人口的約五分之一，但在加拿大諸省中它的人口數(shù)也居第四位。阿爾伯達(dá)省是以英國維多利亞女皇的一個女兒路易斯·卡洛琳·阿爾伯達(dá)公主的名字命名的。它于1905年成為加拿大的一個省份。
3. The people of Alberta originally came from many differentcountries. More than half of the Albertans came from Britain. Others came from Austria,Russia and the Scandinaviancountries. As only a small number were French Canadians,who migrated to Albertafrom the eastern part of Canada,the major language spoken in the province isEnglish,with the exception of a few bilingual towns north of Edmonton. Althoughthere are only a limited number of Indians living on reservations now,twohundred years ago they were the only inhabitants in what is now called Alberta.
3、阿爾伯達(dá)省的人民最初來自很多不同的國家。其中一半以上來自英國，另一些人來自奧地利、俄國和斯堪地那維亞國家。由于只有少數(shù)從加拿大東部遷宋的法裔加拿大人，因此除了在埃德蒙頓北部有幾個雙語種小鎮(zhèn)之外，該省所使用的主要語言是英語�，F(xiàn)在，雖然只有人數(shù)有限的印第安人居住在保留地上，但是在兩百多年前，他們是居住于現(xiàn)在稱之為阿爾伯達(dá)省的唯一居民。
4. The first settlers of Alberta were cattle ranchers. Evennow,raising cattle is still one of the leading branches of economy. But atpresent many more Albertans are farmers,who raise millions of tons ofwheat,oats and barley,the also plant sugar beets and potatoes in the southernpart of the province. In the northern part,like the Indians who lived therebefore them,the hunters trap such fur-bearing animals as squirrels,beavers andfoxes. Albertais also rich in forest resources,coal and oil. It is one of the main timberproducing provinces in Canada.Owing to its rich deposit in oil,petroleum industry has become one of the mostimportant industries of the province,with many oil fields and refineries. Alberta also producesmore coal than any other province.
4、阿爾伯達(dá)省的首批移民是牧場經(jīng)營者。即使時至今日，畜牧業(yè)仍然是經(jīng)濟(jì)的主要部門之一。但現(xiàn)在阿爾伯達(dá)人中更多的是農(nóng)民，他們生產(chǎn)成百萬噸的小麥、燕麥和大麥。在該省的南部他們還種植甜菜和土豆。在北部，獵人們象生活在他們之前的印第安人一樣捕捉毛皮獸，諸如松鼠、河貍和狐貍等。阿爾伯達(dá)還有豐富的森林資源、煤礦和石油。它是加拿大木材的主要生產(chǎn)省份之一。由于該省石油蘊(yùn)藏量豐富，石油工業(yè)已成為該省最重要的工業(yè)主一，油田和煉油廠比比皆是。阿爾伯達(dá)出產(chǎn)的煤也多于其他任何省份。
5. The provincial capital Edmonton,with a population of about1,016,000,is the second largest city in the province. The largest city is Calgary. In 1967,it had apopulation of about 330,000. But after a lapse of 40 years,it now has more than1,060,000 inhabitants. The third largest city is Lethbridge,having a population of about67,000 persons. People in those cities work in meat-packing plants,flourmills,dairies and refineries. Some work in canneries and beet-sugar factories.
5、省會埃德蒙頓人口約為101.6萬，是該省第二大城市。第一大城市是卡爾加里，1967年的人口是33萬，但時隔40年之后，它的居民總數(shù)已超過106萬。第三大城市是萊斯橋，約有人口6、7萬。這些城市的居民大多在肉類加工廠、面粉廠、乳制品廠和煉油廠工作。有的則在罐頭食品廠和甜菜制糖廠工作。
6. The climate in Alberta ispleasant,particularly in summer,when the average temperature is about 60degrees Fahrenheit. In winter,it is much colder and in the north,thetemperature can drop to 20 degrees below zero. Although the best season fortraveling is the summer months of June,July and August,many tourists areattracted to the first rate skiing ground at the resorts of Banff and Jasper.
6、阿爾伯達(dá)氣候宜人，特別是夏天，平均氣溫為華氏60度左右。冬天的氣候則要冷得多，北部的氣溫有時可降到零下20度。雖說旅游的最佳季節(jié)是6、7、8月的夏季，但是旅游勝地班夫和嘉思帕的第一流的滑雪場地也吸引了很多游客。
7. Albertais located in the Mountain Standard Time Zone. 12 o'clock at Noon in Edmonton is 2 p.m. EasternStandard Time.
7、阿爾伯達(dá)位于山地標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時時區(qū)。埃德蒙頓中午12點(diǎn)即東部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時間下午2點(diǎn)。
18. Unleashing YourCreativity
釋放你的創(chuàng)造力
1. I’ve always beenan optimist and I supposed that is rooted in my belief that the power ofcreativity and intelligence can make the world a better place.
1.我一直是個樂觀主義者。我認(rèn)為創(chuàng)新和智慧可以讓世界更美好。這一觀點(diǎn)已經(jīng)深深扎根于我的信念中。
2. For as long as Ican remember, I’ve loved learning new things and solving problems. So when Isat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. Itwas a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared tothe computers we have today. But it changed my life.
2.從記事起，我就很喜歡學(xué)習(xí)新知識，解決問題。所以當(dāng)我七年級第一次坐在電腦旁的時候，我一下子被吸引了。其實(shí)只是一臺哐當(dāng)作響的舊機(jī)器，跟現(xiàn)在的電腦比起來幾乎什么都做不了。但是它改變了我的生活。
3. When my friendPaul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago, we had a vision of “a computeron every desk and in every home,” which probably sounded a little toooptimistic at a time when most computers were the size of refrigerators. But webelieve that personal computers would change the world. And they have.
3.30年前，我和朋友保羅•艾倫開辦微軟的時候，我們有一個構(gòu)想，那就是“每家每個桌子上都有一臺電腦”。那時候大部分電腦和冰箱一樣大，所以可能這個想法聽起來有些太樂觀了。但是我們相信個人電腦將改變世界。現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了。
4. And after 30years, I’m still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade.
4.30年之后，我仍然像上七年級的時候那樣為計算機(jī)而著迷。
5. I believe thatcomputers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity andinventiveness, to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldn’tsolve on their own.
5.我相信電腦是最不可思議的工具。我們可以用它來滿足我們的好奇心，發(fā)揮我們的獨(dú)創(chuàng)能力，并幫助我們解決最聰明的人都不能獨(dú)立解決的問題。
6. Computers havetransformed how we learn, giving kids everywhere a window into all of theworld’s knowledge. They’re helping us build communities around the things wecare about and to stay close to the people who are important to us, no matterwhere they are.
6.電腦己經(jīng)改變了我們的學(xué)習(xí)方式，為孩子們提供了一個在任何地方都可以學(xué)習(xí)世界所有知識的窗口。電腦幫我們圍繞我們關(guān)注的事物建立“群”，讓我們和那些對我們來說很重要的人保持密切聯(lián)系，不管他們身處何方。
7. Like my friendWarren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I loveto do. He calls it “tap-dancing to work”. My job atMicrosoft is as challenging as ever，but what makes me “tap-dance to work” is when we show peoplesomething new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting or yourspeech, or one that can store a lifetime’s worth ofphotos，and they say: “I didn’t know you can do that with a PC!”
7.像我的朋友沃倫•巴菲特一樣，我為自己可以每天做喜歡的事情感到非常幸運(yùn)。他把這個稱之為“跳著踢踏舞去工作”。我在微軟的工作總充滿挑戰(zhàn)，但是讓我“跳著踢踏舞去工作”的是當(dāng)我們給人們介紹新產(chǎn)品的時候，比如一臺可以識別指紋或者語音的電腦或者一臺能夠儲存一生的珍貴照片的電腦，人們驚訝地說：“我無法想象你竟然可以用個人電腦做到這個。”
8. But for all thecool things that a person can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we canput our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world. There arestill far too many people in the world whose basic needs go unmet. Every year,for example, millions of people die from diseases that are easy to prevent ortreat in the developed world.
8.但是，除了能用電腦做出很酷的事情之外，我們還可以用其他方式發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力和智慧以改變世界。世界上還有很多很多人連基本需要都無法被滿足。比如，每年有數(shù)百萬人死于在發(fā)達(dá)國家很容易預(yù)防和治療的疾病。
9. I believe thatmy own good fortune brings with it a responsibility to give back to the world.My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to improving health and education in away that can help as many people as possible.
9.我相信我自己的巨額財富也使我負(fù)有回饋社會的責(zé)任。我的妻子梅林達(dá)和我致力于為盡可能多的人改善健康和教育。
10. As a father, Ibelieve that the death of a child in Africa isno less poignant or tragic than the death of a child anywhere else and that itdoesn’t take much to make an immense difference in these children’s lives.
10.作為一個父親，我相信非洲一個孩子的死亡和其他任何地方一個孩子的死亡一樣令人心酸，悲痛不已。讓這些孩子的命運(yùn)徹底改變并不費(fèi)事。
11. I’m still verymuch an optimist, and I believe that progress on even the world’s toughestproblems is possible — and it’s happening every day. We’re seeing new drugs fordeadly diseases, new diagnostic tools, and new attention paid to the healthproblems in the developing world.
11.我仍然是個非常樂觀的人，我相信甚至是世界上最棘手的問題也可能會有進(jìn)展一一這種事情每天都在發(fā)生。我們正在見證在發(fā)展中國家，治療絕癥的新藥出現(xiàn)，新的診斷工具投入使用，醫(yī)學(xué)問題受到更多關(guān)注。
12. I’m excited bythe possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, fortechnology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness, creativityand willingness to solve tough problems, we’re going to make some amazing achievementsin all these areas in my lifetime.
12.我為醫(yī)藥、教育，當(dāng)然還有技術(shù)發(fā)展的諸多前景而歡欣鼓舞。我相信，憑借人類與生俱來的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造能力和不畏艱難、堅韌不拔的品格，在我的有生之年里我們將在所有這些領(lǐng)域都創(chuàng)造出可喜的成就。
Wordsand Expressions
hooked [hukt]adj.鉤狀的，入迷的，吸毒成癮的
clunk [klʌŋk] n.沉悶的金屬聲v.發(fā)出沉悶聲
teletype machine 電傳打字機(jī)
curiosity [,kjuəri'ɔsiti] n.好奇心
inventiveness [in'ventivnis] 有發(fā)明創(chuàng)造能力，獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，獨(dú)創(chuàng)能力
tap dancing n.踢踏舞
unmet [ʌn'met] adj.未滿足的，未相遇的，未應(yīng)付的
immense [i'mens] adj.極廣大的，無邊的，非常好的
19. The Principles ofInternational <原18>
Trade國際貿(mào)易原理
1. Internationaltrade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goodsand services produced in another country. There are several reasons whyinternational trade exists.
1.國際貿(mào)易是一個國家所生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)和另一個國家所生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)之間的交換。這樣做的原因是多方面的。
2. The distribution of natural resourcesaround the world is somewhat haphazard: some nations possess natural depositsin excess of their own requirements while other nations have none. For example,Britainhas large reserves of coal but lacks many minerals such as nickel, copper,aluminum, etc., whereas the Arab states have vast oil deposits but little else.In the cultivation of natural products climate plays a decisive role. Someproducts will only grow in tropical climates whereas others, such as citrusfruits, require a Mediterranean climate. Moreover, some nations are unable toproduce sufficient quantities of a particular product to satisfy a large homedemand. For example, Britaindoes not produce enough wheat to meet the needs of its population. These arethe reasons why international trade first began.
2.世界自然資源的分布是帶有隨意性的。有些國家所擁有的天然資源超過了本身的需要，而別的國家則沒有。例如，英國煤的儲藏量很豐富，但是很多礦藏，如鎳、銅和鋁等都很缺乏;阿拉伯國家擁有巨大的石油礦藏，但是其他資源則很少。在天然作物的培育過程中，氣候起到?jīng)Q定性的作用。有一些作物只適宜在熱帶氣候的條件下生長，而像柑桔類的水果等其他作物則需要地中海型的氣候。此外，有些國家的某個產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)不能滿足國內(nèi)的巨大需求，例如英國的小麥就是這樣。這些就是國際貿(mào)易開始出現(xiàn)的原因。
3. With the development of manufacturing andtechnology, there arose another incentive for nations to exchange theirproducts. It was found that it made economic sense for a nation to specializein certain activities and produce those goods for which it had the mostadvantages, and to exchange those goods for the products of other nations whichhad advantages in different fields. This trade is based on the principle ofcomparative advantage.
3.隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了新的因素促使國家之間進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品交換。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果一個國家專門從事一定的生產(chǎn)活動，生產(chǎn)它擁有最大優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品，并用這些商品同在其他方面擁有優(yōu)勢的國家所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行交換，那在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是合算的。這種貿(mào)易是在比較優(yōu)勢原則的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的。
4. The theory of comparative advantage, alsocalled the comparative cost theory, was developed by David Ricardo and othereconomists in the nineteenth century. It points out that trade betweencountries can be profitable for all. Even if one of the countries can produceevery commodity more cheaply, as long as there are minor relative differencesin the efficiency of producing a commodity even the poor country can have acomparative advantage in producing it. The paradox is best illustrated by thistraditional example: the best lawyer in town is also the best typist in town.Since this lawyer cannot afford to give up precious time from legal affairs, atypist is hired who may be less efficient than the lawyer in both legal andtyping matters. But the typist's comparative disadvantage is least in typing.Therefore, the typist has a relative comparative advantage in typing.
4.比較優(yōu)勢學(xué)說又稱比較成本學(xué)說，是由大衛(wèi)，李嘉圖和其他19世紀(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家所建立的。該理論指出，即使有某個國家能以較低的成本生產(chǎn)每一種商品，國家之間的貿(mào)易對所有國家仍會有好處。只要在生產(chǎn)一種商品的效率上存在著小的相對的差別，即使是窮國在生產(chǎn)上也會有比較優(yōu)勢。這種似非而是的理論能夠用下面的傳統(tǒng)例子最恰當(dāng)?shù)赜枰哉f明。某城最好的律師同時也是最好的打字員。這個律師不能放棄他處理法律事務(wù)的寶貴時間，就雇用了一名打字員。這個打字員可能在法律和打字方面都不如這位律師，但是這個打字員的相對劣勢在打字方面是最小的。因此，這名打字員在打字方面就有比較優(yōu)勢。
5. This principle is the basis ofspecialization into trades and occupations. At the same time, completespecialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous. Forstrategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods to whichit does not have an advantage. The benefits of specialization may also beaffected by transport costs: goods and raw materials have to be transposedaround the world and the cost of the transport narrows the limits between whichit will prove profitable to trade. Another impediment to the free flow of goodsbetween nations is the possible introduction of artificial barriers to trade,such as tariffs or quotas.
5.這個原則是實(shí)行貿(mào)易和職業(yè)專業(yè)分工的基礎(chǔ)。但是，完全的專業(yè)分工可能永遠(yuǎn)也不會實(shí)現(xiàn)，即使從經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度來看是有利的。由于戰(zhàn)略和國內(nèi)的 原因，一個國家可能仍然要生產(chǎn)它并不具有優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品。專業(yè)分工的好處也 可能會受到運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用的影響，因?yàn)橐谑澜绶秶鷥?nèi)進(jìn)行貨物和原料的運(yùn)輸，運(yùn)輸?shù)馁M(fèi)用使得貿(mào)易獲利的范圍縮小。國家之間貨物自由流通的另一個障礙是可能采用人為的貿(mào)易壁壘，例如關(guān)稅和配額。
6. In addition tovisible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise,there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services betweennations.
6.除了有形貿(mào)易(即指商品和貨物的進(jìn)出口)以外，還有無形貿(mào)易。這是指國家之間服務(wù)的交換。
7. Nations such as Greeceand Norwayhave large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kindof invisible trade. When an exporter arranges shipment, he rents space in thecargo compartment of a ship.
7.希臘、挪威等國擁有龐大的海運(yùn)船隊。提供運(yùn)輸服務(wù)，這是無形貿(mào)易的一種。當(dāng)一個出口商安排貨運(yùn)時，他就可以租用船只貨艙的艙位。
8. The prudent exporter purchases insurancefor his cargo's voyage. While at sea, a cargo is vulnerable to many dangers.Thus, insurance is another service in which some nations specialize. Great Britain, because of the development ofLloyd' of London,is a leading exporter of this service, earning fees for insuring other nations'foreign trade.
8.謹(jǐn)慎的出口商為他的貨物運(yùn)輸辦理保險。在海上，貨物會遇到各種危險。所以一些國家專門從事保險服務(wù)。由于倫敦勞埃德保險公司的發(fā)展，英國是這種服務(wù)的主要出口國，它為其他國家的對外貿(mào)易承擔(dān)保險而賺取費(fèi)用。
9. Some nationspossess little in the way of exportable commodities or manufactured goods, butthey have a mild and sunny climate. During the winter, the Bahamas attract large numbers oftourists who spend money for hotel accommodation, meals, taxis, and so on.Tourism, therefore, is another form of invisible trade.
9.有些國家沒有可供出口的初級產(chǎn)品或者制成品，但是這些國家風(fēng)和日麗、氣候宜人。在冬季，巴哈馬群島吸引著大量的旅游者，他們住旅館、就餐、坐出租汽車等方面都要花錢。因此，旅游業(yè)是無形貿(mào)易的另一種形式。
10. Invisible tradecan be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials orcommodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn money to buynecessities.
10.無形貿(mào)易對一些國家來說，就像原料和商品的出口對別的國家那樣重要。在這兩種情況下，這些國家都能賺到錢去購買他們所需要的商品。
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