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2017中石油職稱英語考試模擬題及答案
模擬題一：
痛感反應(yīng)
1. Of all the bodysenses, pain is perhaps the most vital because it warns of bodily injury andtriggers protective reflexes. But not always.
1. 疼痛也許是身體的感覺之中最重要的，因為它可以警示身體受到的傷害并且引發(fā)身體的保護性反射。但情況并非總是如此。
2. Drs. F. R. Fordand Lawson Wilkins of Johns Hopkins Hospitalhave reported cases of persons being born without pain sensibility. A personwho does not feel pain will not jerk his hand away from a flame. He won’t knowhe’s been cut unless he sees his blood. If he gets a cinder in his eye, hewon’t know it is there.
2. 約翰霍普金斯醫(yī)院(JohnsHopkins Hospital) F • R •福特博士(Drs.F. R. Ford)和勞森•威爾金斯博士(Lawson Wilkins)曾經(jīng)報告過天生就沒有痛感的病例。當(dāng)觸碰到火焰時，沒有痛感的人不會把手縮回來，他要看到流血才知道自己受了傷，他甚至感覺不到眼睛里進了灰塵。
3. Normally, such anecessary sensation as pain might be expected to be proportional to the extentof injury. But pain — a very personal experience — is modified by a person’sexperience, heredity, mood, and emotional state.
3. 正常情況下，類似疼痛這樣必需的感覺會根據(jù)受傷的程度分成不同級別。但是疼痛是非常個人的感受——它會根據(jù)經(jīng)驗、遺傳、心情甚至興奮狀態(tài)而改變。
4. Drs. W. P.Chapman and C. M. Jones of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, have foundnot only that the intensity level, or threshold, at which pain is felt variesfrom person to person but also that there are also variations in the thresholdof the same person at different times. They discovered that persons deprived ofsleep to the point of extreme fatigue have lower than normal pain thresholds.
4. 位于波士頓的麻省綜合醫(yī)院的W• P •查普曼醫(yī)生和C • M •瓊斯醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)，不同人的感覺疼痛的強度值/臨界值互不相同，甚至同一個人的臨界值也由于時間不同而變化。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，被剝奪睡眠處于極度疲勞的人的臨界值要比正常的疼痛臨界值低。
5. E. Libman,another investigator, discovered that American Indians did not perceive pain atthresholds as low as did Caucasian Americans. Even ignoring culturalconditioning, this fact may help to substantiate the many stories of theAmerican Indians’ remarkable ability to endure great pain.
5. 另一位研究者，E •利布曼發(fā)現(xiàn)，美國印第安人感覺疼痛的臨界值不像高加索美國人那么低。拋開文化因素，這一事實足以證明許多傳說中美國印第安人那非凡的忍受疼痛的能力。
6. Response to painappears to be part of the learning process. Dr. Ronald Melzack and William R.Thompson of McGill University, Montreal, Canada, havingraised animals in isolation, thus depriving them of the normal bumps and painsof growing up, noted that the animals did not respond normally to pain whenfully grown. Although nothing was wrong with their central nervous systems,they would not withdraw their noses from flaming matches held in front of them.Nor did they seem to realize that pain warned of damage to their bodies.
6. 對疼痛的反應(yīng)似乎是學(xué)習(xí)過程的一部分。位于加拿大蒙特利爾的麥吉爾大學(xué)的羅納德•梅爾扎克博士和威廉姆• R •湯普森博士將動物隔離圈養(yǎng)，不讓它們互相磕碰，避免它們在成長過程中感覺到疼痛。他們注意到，這些動物長大后對疼痛不能做出正常的反應(yīng)。盡管它們的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)沒有問題，但當(dāng)燃燒的火柴放到它們面前時，它們不會把頭縮回去，也意識不到疼痛所帶來的身體受到傷害的警告。
7. And of course,there is the well-known experiment carried out by Pavlov. He found that when hefed dogs immediately after giving them painful stimuli they soon responded tothe pain with signs of pleasure. It seems we have to learn to respond to pain'swarning with proper protective reflexes.
7. 當(dāng)然，還有巴普洛夫那個著名的試驗。他發(fā)現(xiàn)給狗一個疼痛的刺激之后馬上給它喂食，狗隨后會對疼痛產(chǎn)生快樂的反應(yīng)�？雌饋�,我們需要學(xué)習(xí)用正確的保護性反射對疼痛的警告做出反應(yīng)。
8. Visceral painoffers another example of the part experience plays in the recognition of andresponse to pain. Of the three major types of pain — superficial pain from theskin, deep pain from the muscles and joints, and visceral pain — only visceralpain is not rather carefully localized.
8. 內(nèi)臟疼痛為個別經(jīng)驗在疼痛的識別和反應(yīng)上又給出一個例子。疼痛有三種類型——來自皮膚的表面疼痛，來自肌肉和關(guān)節(jié)的深度疼痛，還有內(nèi)臟疼痛。只有內(nèi)臟疼痛不能被精確定位。
9. Often, visceralpain may feel as if it has come from another part of the body. It may seem tocome from the skin or deep muscles of the place to which it is referred. Forexample，pain in the heart may be felt on the inner surface of the left arm.
9. 內(nèi)臟疼痛往往會讓人產(chǎn)生錯覺，讓人覺得痛感是來自身體的其它部分，似乎來自于它對應(yīng)的皮膚或深層的肌肉。例如，心臟疼痛會反映在左臂內(nèi)表皮上。
10. This occursbecause localization of pain is also partly learned. We feel pain whereexperience has taught we usually can expect to feel pain. The nerve fibers makechains of connections all the way up the spinal cord to the brain.
10. 這是因為疼痛的定位在一定程度上也是需要習(xí)得的。我們感覺到的疼痛往往是經(jīng)驗告訴我們在這種情況下應(yīng)該感覺到疼痛，因為神經(jīng)纖維形成了許多的連接鏈，通過脊髓連接到大腦。
11. The nerve fiberof the viscera makes a connection with a nerve cell in the chain which is alsoended on by a nerve fiber from a superficial bodily structure. The nerve cellon which both these fibers end transmits pain impulses from both thesuperficial and deep structures. But since we normally expect to feel pain fromthe outside, the brain interprets all impulses traveling over the secondarynerve fiber as if they came from the outside.
11. 內(nèi)臟的神經(jīng)纖維與一個神經(jīng)鏈上的神經(jīng)細胞相連接，這條神經(jīng)鏈的末端又與身體表面結(jié)構(gòu)的神經(jīng)纖維相連。連接兩個纖維的神經(jīng)細胞可以從表層和深層結(jié)構(gòu)兩方面?zhèn)鬏斕弁疵}沖。但通常我們會認為疼感來自于外部，因此大腦會把所有通過次級神經(jīng)纖維傳遞的脈沖都解釋為來自于外部。
12. If a person’sconcentration is focused on something strongly enough, he may not even feelpain. This is the basis for hypnosis. The patient is taught to concentrate sodeeply that his mind screens out all sensation — he can even undergo minorsurgery without pain. The athlete who plays out a game unaware that he isinjured is a more familiar example of the way intense concentration canminimize pain perception.
12. —個精神高度集中的人可能感覺不到疼痛，這就是催眠的基礎(chǔ)。當(dāng)一個病人高度集中注意力，他的大腦就會屏蔽掉所有的感覺——甚至可以毫無痛感地進行小手術(shù)。運動員在比賽時對自己受傷毫無察覺，這也是高度集中注意力可以減輕疼痛的例子。
13. After World WarII, Henry K. Beecher of Harvard Medical Schoolreported evidence that men in battle may suffer terrible wounds, not be inshock, and yet show few signs of pain. On the other hand, civilians withsimilar injuries will complain bitterly and beg for morphine. The differenceseems to be one of attitude in this case. For the soldier, the wound is a“reward,” because it removed him from death. For the civilian, the wound is acalamity.
13. 二戰(zhàn)以后，哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院的亨利•比徹提出了一些證據(jù)，證明一些人在戰(zhàn)斗中多處受重傷甚至休克，但他們很少感覺到疼痛。而另一方面，受了類似傷的平民們卻不停地喊疼，向醫(yī)生要嗎啡止疼。這種差異似乎源自于他們對此的態(tài)度。對于戰(zhàn)士來說，受傷是一種“獎賞”，使他們免受一死;而對平民來說受傷則是一件不幸之事。
14. The nerveendings which carry pain impulses are found throughout the body. The nervesenter the spinal cord and travel up to the brain, where the impulses they carryare interpreted.
14. 能夠傳輸疼痛脈沖的神經(jīng)末梢遍布全身，神經(jīng)進入脊髓并聯(lián)通到大腦，然后大腦對這些刺激進行解釋。
15. Other nervefibers run down from the memory-storing areas of the brain and make connectionswith the pain fibers in the cord. These fibers serve either to inhibit oramplify the original message. Thus they are the means by which memories of pastexperiences can intensify pain.
15. 另一些神經(jīng)纖維從大腦的記憶存儲區(qū)下行，與脊髓內(nèi)的痛覺纖維連接，他們既能夠抑制也能增強原始信息，在它們的作用下，過去經(jīng)驗的記憶就能夠使疼痛感增強。
16. In the case ofhypnosis, the inhibiting fibers would screen out many of the pain impulses toprotect the state of concentration.
16. 就催眠的例子而言，起抑制作用的神經(jīng)纖維可以屏蔽掉大量的疼痛刺激，從而保護意識專注的狀態(tài)不被破壞。
17. Pain responsescan be stimulated with several types of energy — electrical, mechanical,extremes of heat or cold, and chemical. Earlier, scientists thought there was aspecial nerve ending which transmitted only one type of energy message — onefor heat, one for cold, etc. Most recent research suggests the same nerveendings react to several kinds of stimulation.
17. 有幾種能量可以刺激對疼痛的反應(yīng)——電擊、機械力、極冷或極熱以及化學(xué)藥品。過去的科學(xué)家認為�；窠�(jīng)末梢只能傳輸一種能量信息，例如: 一種傳播熱，一種傳播冷，等等。但最近的研究卻表明，相同的神經(jīng)末梢能夠?qū)Σ煌拇碳ぷ龀龇磻?yīng)。
18. According toDr. Donald Ford, Downstate Medical Center,Brooklyn, New York, the same nerve ending that carries warmthmessages which are pleasant, may also carry pain messages if the heat isincreased. In actual tissue damage, Dr. Ford holds, a chemical substance isreleased which stimulates the nerve endings to transmit pain impulses.
18. 位于紐約布魯克林的唐斯泰特醫(yī)學(xué)中心的唐納德•福特(Donald Ford) 博士認為，當(dāng)熱量增加時，一些傳輸令人愉悅的溫暖信息的神經(jīng)末梢也可以 傳輸疼痛信息。他解釋說，當(dāng)有組織受到損傷時，一種能夠刺激神經(jīng)末梢傳輸疼痛脈沖的化學(xué)物質(zhì)就會釋放出來。
19. The late SirThomas Lewis, English neurologist, reported many experiments designed toimplicate a chemical mediator of pain impulses.
19. 后來的英國祌經(jīng)學(xué)家托馬斯•萊維斯爵士也報告了多項測試疼痛脈沖的化學(xué)介質(zhì)的試驗。
20. In one such experiment,a blood pressure cuff was inflated around a volunteer’s upper arm so that noblood could flow below the cuff. Painful stimuli were given to the hand. Thesestimuli aroused feelings which, normally, lasted only one or two seconds.
20. 其中一個試驗是這樣的。用血壓計的袖帶套住志愿者的上臂，使得血液無法流到小臂。此時對手給予疼痛刺激。正常情況下這類刺激引起的痛感只能持續(xù)一到兩秒鐘。
21. As long as thepressure cuff was inflated, however, the pain continued to be felt. When thecuff was deflated and blood rushed into the lower arm, the pain disappearedwithin one or two seconds.
21. 然而，只要袖帶的壓力持續(xù)膨脹，疼痛就會持續(xù);一旦袖帶的壓力被放掉，血液流入小臂，疼痛就會在一兩秒中后消失。
22. This suggeststhat as long as blood was withheld from the stimulated area, the chemicalmediator of pain continued to arouse the nerve endings, giving rise to pain.When blood was readmitted to the stimulated area, this allowed the metabolicbreakdown of the mediator to proceed and stimulation of nerve endings ceased.
22. 這個實驗說明，只要血液不能流到受刺激的部位，疼痛的化學(xué)介質(zhì)就會持續(xù)激發(fā)神經(jīng)末梢，引起痛感。當(dāng)血液流到被刺激部位時，介質(zhì)的代謝分解就開始從而使得神經(jīng)末梢的刺激停止。
23. This finding isin accord with one of the basic laws governing the delicate balance of thebody. As soon as a hormone or other chemical made within the body has servedits purpose, it is immediately broken down.
23. 這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與守護身體微妙平衡的一個基本規(guī)律相吻合，那就是——當(dāng)荷爾蒙或身體的其他化學(xué)物質(zhì)開始起作用時，它就會立即分解。
24. Pain is man’suseful — and increasingly less mysterious — guardian.
24. 疼痛是人類最有用的守衛(wèi)，它的神秘面紗正一點點地被揭開。
Wordsand Expressionstrigger ['trigə] vt.引發(fā)，引起，觸發(fā)n.板機
jerk[dʒə:k] n.性情古怪的人，急推，猛拉，肌肉抽搐vt.猛拉cinder ['sində] n.煤渣，灰燼proportional[prə'pɔ:ʃənl] adj.比例的，成比例的，相稱的，均衡的heredity [hi'rediti] n.遺傳
threshold ['θreʃhəuld] n.開始，開端，極限，門檻，閥值
deprive of v.剝奪
fatigue [fə'ti:g] n.疲乏，疲勞，累活vt.使疲勞vi.疲勞
investigator [in'vestɪgeɪtə(r)] n.調(diào)查人
caucasian [kɔ:'keiziən] n.高加索人，白種人 adj.高加索的，白種人的
substantiate [sʌbs'tænʃieit] vt.使實體化，證實
isolation [,aisəu'leiʃən] n.隔絕，孤立，隔離，絕緣，離析
bump [bʌmp] n.撞擊，腫塊 v.碰(傷)，撞(破)，顛簸
carry out v.完成，實現(xiàn)，貫徹，執(zhí)行
visceral ['visərəl] adj.內(nèi)臟的，影響內(nèi)臟的
joint [dʒɔint] n.接縫，接合處，接合點，關(guān)節(jié)
spinal cord n.脊髓
hypnosis [hip'nəusis] n.催眠狀態(tài)，催眠
screen out v.篩選出
sensation [sen'seiʃən] n.感覺，感情，感動，聳人聽聞的
unaware ['ʌnə'wεə] adj.不知道的，沒覺察到的
bitterly ['bɪtəlɪ] adv.苦苦地，悲痛的，厲害的
morphine ['mɔ:fi:n] n.嗎啡
calamity [kə'læmiti] n.災(zāi)難，不幸事件
intensify [in'tensifai] vt.加強 vi.強化
neurologist [njuə'rɔlədʒist] n.神經(jīng)學(xué)者，神經(jīng)科專門醫(yī)師
implicate ['implikeit] vt.使牽連其中，含意，暗示n.包含的東西
chemical mediator化學(xué)介質(zhì)
cuff ['kʌf] n.袖口，護腕，手銬，[醫(yī)]橡皮箍袖帶
inflated [in'fleitid] adj.膨脹的，夸張的，通貨膨脹的
deflate [di'fleit] vt.放氣，抽出空氣，使縮小vi.縮小
withhold [wið'həuld] vt.使停止，拒給，限制，阻擋vi.忍住
readmit [ri:əd'mɪt] vt.重新接納
metabolic [,metə'bɔlik] adj.代謝作用的，新陳代謝的
hormone ['hɔ:məun] n.荷爾蒙，激素
guardian ['ga:djən] n.護衛(wèi)者，保護人，監(jiān)護人adj.守護的
模擬題二：
致富取決于你自己
1.Critics oftenspeak of “the rich”with none-too-subtle disdain,as ifthose at the very top of the income ladder are all dishonest people or as ifbecoming rich is difficult and means others must become poorer. While we wouldbe the first to admit that some rich people are dishonest,we must add thatachieving the status of “the rich”(defined,say,by having a net worth of $1,000,000) is notparticularly difficult,contrary to popular wisdom. The rules for acquiringsubstantial wealth are few,simple. This fact suggests that becoming rich formost Americans is a matter of choice.
1、評論家們一說起富人往往帶有明顯的蔑視。就好象收入高的層次的人們都是狡詐之人，或者意味著成為富有階層不容易而且其他人(誠實之人)一定不如他們富有。首先我們承認有些富人不誠實，但我們必須補充一點：與普遍的認識相反，達到富人階層(它的概念應(yīng)該是凈收入一百萬美元)并不是特別難。獲取可觀財富的規(guī)則只有幾條，而且簡單。這就意味著對于大多數(shù)美國人來說想不想變富是一個選擇的問題。
2. One of the rulesfor being rich is to avoid frivolous temptations. That is easier said thandone,and we do not necessarily recommend that all people should lead a pure andjoyless life. We mean only to point out that the great majority of those fourpercent of Americans who have $1,000,000 in net worth get to where they are because they control theirpleasures. For example,rich Americans buy cars that are on average onlyslightly more expensive than those less wealthy Americans buy.
2、變?yōu)楦挥械牡谝粋�規(guī)則是避免無重要意義的誘惑。說起來容易做起來難，而且我們也無意建議所有人都該過著平淡無味的生活。我們只是想指出那些占美國人口百分之四的凈收入達一百萬美元的大多數(shù)人之所以達到今天的富有就是因為他們克制了自己的享樂。例如，富有的美國人買的汽車平均來講只是略好于那些不太富有的人的汽車。
3. Being able tosave and accumulate considerable wealth is not automatic. People must have areasonable income in order to save amounts that will make for wealth,whichrequires several auxiliary rules for achieving an income level that will allowfor a minimum saving level. For most-those without the requisiteluck,inheritance,special talents,or good ideas-becoming rich means getting aneducation. Few people who drop out of high school will be rich. The income ofhigh school dropouts is about two-thirds that of Americans with a high schooldiploma.
3、能夠節(jié)省和積累可觀的財富不是自動的。要想省一定量的錢來足以積累成為財富，人們必須有適當(dāng)?shù)氖杖�。為達到能夠允許最低節(jié)省錢的收入水平還需要幾個輔助規(guī)則。對大多數(shù)沒有必要的運氣、繼承的財產(chǎn)、特殊的天才或好想法的人們成為富有就意味著受教育。高中就輟學(xué)的人很少變?yōu)楦挥械�。高中輟學(xué)人的收入是擁有高中畢業(yè)文憑的人收入的三分之二。
4. To have a goodchance at being rich,though,most individuals (aside for the lucky ones) willneed at least a college education,which just about will double their incomesover what they would have earned with only a high school diploma. Aprofessional degree will result in an average annual income of about twice thatof college graduates (or six times the income of a high school dropout). Thismeans that those who invest in education do not have to save as high apercentage of income to become rich at retirement. However,in allprobability,educated Americans Will be richer at retirement simply because theywill be able to save more along the way and because they are likely to besmarter and can achieve a higher rate of return on their savings.
4、但是要想有好機會變富有大多數(shù)(除了幸運的)至少需要受到大學(xué)教育，與只有高中文憑的相比，大學(xué)的教育可使他們的收入翻一翻。大學(xué)以上的學(xué)歷會導(dǎo)致比大學(xué)畢業(yè)的年平均收入增加一倍(或是高中輟學(xué)人的六倍)。這就意味著在教育上投資的人要想在退休時致富不必節(jié)省同樣高比例的收入。但是極為可能的是受過良好教育的美國人之所以在退休時更富有是因為他們在過去的歲月里積攢得更多，而且他們可能更明智，獲取更高的存款的投資回報率。
5. The firstauxiliary rule for becoming rich is to stay in school or,if out of school,goback to it. Of course,to stay in school is not enough and they will learnsomething worth the time and effort. It never has been easier to get aneducation. Public schools are free for the taking. College costs have beenrising steadily relative to family income level for more than a decade.However,the rate of return on a college education has been rising aswell,making the investment a good deal. Meanwhile,the cost of self-educationhas fallen with the multitude of sources of knowledge and information availableon CD-ROMs and the Internet.
5、致富的第一條輔助規(guī)則是堅持修完學(xué)業(yè)，即使走出了校門也要回去。當(dāng)然留在學(xué)校還不夠，還要學(xué)習(xí)一些值得學(xué)習(xí)的知識。歷來受教育都不是容易的事情。上公立中學(xué)免學(xué)費。十幾年來，相對于家庭收入水平，上大學(xué)的費用一直在穩(wěn)步上升。然而，高等教育的回報率也在上升，這使得投資劃算，成為很好的交易。同時，由于從CD-ROM和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上可獲取大量的知識和信息，自學(xué)的費用已經(jīng)降低。
6. The secondauxiliary rule for becoming rich is to pick your education carefully. Teacherswill find getting rich tougher than engineers,given that the former can expectto earn half as much over their careers. History and music professors canexpect to earn less than accounting professors. For that matter,history andmusic professors can expect to earn a lot less than their students who major inbusiness.
6、致富的第二條輔助規(guī)則是要精心地選好所受的教育�？紤]到在工作期間教師的工薪預(yù)期是工程師的二分之一，前者致富要更難。教歷史和音樂的教授預(yù)期要比會計學(xué)教授薪水少。正因為如此，歷史和音樂教授預(yù)期要比他們的專業(yè)為商業(yè)的學(xué)生薪水少得多。
7. The thirdauxiliary rule for becoming rich is to marry someone with an equal or highereducation,and then stay married. By itself,marriage seems to provide a stableinstitutional setting that promotes greater earnings,which affords greatersavings. Married couples not only earn more than non-married people,they tendto economize on the costs of running their households,allowing them to save andinvest at higher rate. Moreover,the binding legal contracts at the foundationof marriages,which reflect their personal commitments to each other,give thecouple an added economic incentive to invest in the joint assets of the union.
7、第三條致富的輔助規(guī)則是與受教育水平和你相等或高于你的人結(jié)婚，然后保持婚姻狀態(tài)�；橐霰旧硭坪跆峁┮粋�穩(wěn)定的處所，穩(wěn)定的處所又能促進掙更多的錢，從更多的錢中抽得出更多的存款。結(jié)婚的夫妻不僅比不結(jié)婚的掙得多，而且在家庭運轉(zhuǎn)的支出中，他們往往節(jié)省，使得他們省下錢來并以更高的回報投資。而且建立婚姻時有約束力的合法契約表現(xiàn)了他們對彼此的承諾，在經(jīng)濟上給雙方增加了向聯(lián)盟共同財產(chǎn)投資的動力。
8. The fourthauxiliary rule is to be able to work and save for a long time. Alcoholics anddrug addicts who are not yet rich are unlikely candidates for becoming so. Theywill be unable to work long and hard enough to earn the requisite incomes,andtheir careers will be full of instability,if they can even have careers. Mostwill drink,inject,or smoke up whatever incomes they earn; their suppliersundoubtedly will get rich at the expense of their customers-the addicts.
8、第四條輔助規(guī)則是有能力工作而且長時間積累。還未致富的嗜酒者和吸毒者不太可能變?yōu)楦挥小Ｋ麄儾荒荛L久地工作而且難以掙回基本的收入，而且即使有職業(yè)他們的工作會不穩(wěn)定。大多數(shù)人會酗酒、注射毒品、或把他們掙來的收入吸毒用盡。提供給他們毒品的人將以顧客-吸毒成隱者為代價而發(fā)財。
9. From ourperspective,becoming rich is really a matter of choice. Opportunityto do so abound. Of course,recognizing that you can choose to become rich doesnot mean that you should. As we have noted,choosing to become rich requiressacrifices that many people quite rationally have chosen not to make. One canlead a life rich in satisfaction and accomplishment without becoming richfinancially,and nothing we have written here is meant to suggest otherwise.
9、在我們看來，致富的確是選擇的問題。機會到處存在。當(dāng)然意識到可以選擇致富并不意味著應(yīng)該致富。正象我們所見，選擇致富需要犧牲，很多人很理智地不選擇發(fā)財。一個人雖然金錢上不富有，但可以生活得滿意而有成就。本篇所寫的內(nèi)容無意提相反建議。
43.Oil <原47>
(油)
1. The existence ofoil wells has been known for a long time. Some of the Indians of North Americaused to collect and sell the oil from the wells of Pennsylvania. No one,however,seems to haverealized the importance of this oil until it was found that paraffin-oil couldbe made from it; this led to the development of the wells and to the making ofenormous profits. When the internal combustion engine was invented,oil becameof worldwide importance.
1、油井的存在由來已久。北美的一些印第安人過去常常去賓夕法尼亞的油井采集油來出售。一直以來，沒有人認識到這種油的重要性，后來人們發(fā)現(xiàn)它可提煉出煤油來，情況才為之一變。自此油井遂蓬勃發(fā)展，巨額利潤也由此產(chǎn)生。當(dāng)內(nèi)燃機發(fā)明后，石油更具有世界性重要意義。
2. What was theorigin of the oil which now drives our motor-cars and aircraft? Scientists areconfident about the formation of coal,but they do not seem so sure when askedabout oil. They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated inthe distant past,and was formed from living things in the sea. Countlessbillions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed. Theywere covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry,pressureand temperature were changed through long ages into what we know as oil. Forthere creatures to become oil,it was necessary that they should be imprisonedbetween layers of rock for an enormous length of time. The statement that oiloriginated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chiefoilfield of the world; very few of them are far distant from the oceans oftoday. In some places gas and oil come up to the surface of the sea from itsbed. The rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too. They aresedimentary rocks,rocks which were laid down by the action of water on the bedof the ocean. Almost always the remains of shells,and other proofs of sealife,are found close to the oil. A very common sedimentary rock is calledshale,which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on thesea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.
2、現(xiàn)在驅(qū)動汽車和飛機的油的起源是什么?科學(xué)家對煤的形成一清二楚，然而論及石油時，它們就不那么有把握了。他們認為，處于地表下的油起源于遠古，并是由海洋生物形成的。數(shù)億的微小海洋動物和植物繁衍生殖并沉到海底。它們被厚厚的泥沙沉積物所覆蓋，并由于化學(xué)變化、壓力和溫度的作用過程，在漫長的時間中變成了我們所知道的石油。這些生物要變成石油，必須被密封在巖石之中很長時間。如果瞧一瞧標明世界主要油田的地圖，石油起源于海洋之說便可以得到證實，極少有油田是遠離今天的海洋的。在某些地方，天然氣和石油從海底冒出海面。含油的巖石與海洋也有淵源關(guān)系。它們是水成巖，是由海水作用沉至海底的。在有石油地方的附近幾乎總是有貝殼遺骸和其他海洋生物的證據(jù)。一種十分常見的水成巖叫油頁巖，他是一種很軟的巖石，很明顯是因為被壓積在海底而后形成的。而哪兒有油頁巖，哪兒就可能有石油。
3.Geologists,scientists who study rocks,indicate the likely places to the oildrillers. In some cases oil comes out of the ground without any drilling at alland has been used for hundreds of years. In the island of Trinidadthe oil is in the form of asphalt,a substance used for making roads. Sir WalterRaleigh visited the famous pitch lake of Trinidad in 1595; itis said to contain nine thousand million tons of asphalt. There are probablyhuge quantities of crude oil beneath the surface.
3、研究巖石的科學(xué)家即地質(zhì)學(xué)家給石油鉆井工指明可能產(chǎn)生油處。有些地方，根本無需挖掘，油自動冒出地面，并已這樣使用了幾百年。在特立尼達島，石油以瀝青-即用作鋪路的物質(zhì)-形式存在。在沃爾特·羅利爵士在1595年訪問過特立尼達的著名瀝青湖，據(jù)說該湖的瀝青容量有90億噸。在其地表下可能有大量原油。
4. The king of theoilfield is the driller. He is a very skilled man. Sometimes he sends his drillmore than a mile into the earth. During the process of drilling,gas and oil atgreat pressure may suddenly be met,and if this rushes out and catches fire,theoil well may never be brought into operation at all. This danger is well knownand steps are always taken to prevent it.
4、油田的主角是鉆井工。他們是熟練技術(shù)工人。有時他得把鉆頭鉆入地下一英里深。在鉆探過程中，由于巨大的壓力，可能會突然碰上氣和油，而如果油氣噴出來并著了火，此油井便可能永遠無法啟用。這種危險是人人共知的，因此人們采取防護措施。
5. There is a lotof luck in drilling for oil. The drill may just miss the oil although it isnear; on the other hand,it may strike oil at a fairly high level. When thedrill goes down,it brings up soil. The samples of soil from various depths areexamined for traces of oil. If they are disappointed at one place,the drillersgo to another. Great sums of money have been spent,for example in the desertsof Egypt,in'prospecting' for oil. Sometimes little is found. When we buy a few gallons ofpetrol for our cars,we pay not only the cost of the petrol,but also part of thecost of the search that is always going on.
5、在鉆井采油中也常要碰運氣。鉆頭可能離油很近，但卻失之交臂。而有時鉆頭可能在很淺處就碰上了油。鉆頭鉆下去，把土帶上來。人們檢驗從不同深處帶上來的土樣以探明油跡。如果一處落空了，鉆井工就轉(zhuǎn)移到另一處。為了“勘探”石油，已花費了巨額錢財，例如在埃及沙漠就是那樣。有時所獲甚微。當(dāng)我們?yōu)樽约旱钠囐徺I幾加侖汽油時，我們付的不僅僅是汽油的價錢，而且還包括了一部分不斷在進行著的勘探費用。
6. When the crudeoil is obtained from the field,it is taken to the refineries to be treated. Thecommonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated,the first vaporsto rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boilingpoint; if a little is poured into the hand,it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes offthe oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils ofvarious grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
6、當(dāng)原油從油田取得后，就被送往煉油廠去處理。最常見的處理方式是加熱。油加熱時最早升起的蒸汽冷卻后就為最好的汽油。汽油沸點低，如果倒入少許在手上，它立即就蒸發(fā)掉。稍后從油中分離出來的氣體就被冷凝成煤油，最后制出的各種不同等級的潤滑油。而剩下的部分是用作燃料的重油。
7. There are fourmain areas of the world where deposits of oil appear. The first is that of theMiddle East,and includes the regions near the Caspian Sea,the Black Sea,the RedSea and the Persian Gulf,another is the area between North and SouthAmerica,and the third,between Asia and Australia,Includesthe islands of Sumatra,Borneo and Java.
7、世界上已探明的主要蘊藏石油地區(qū)有4個，第一是中東地區(qū)，包括里海、黑海、紅海和波斯灣附近地區(qū)，另一個是北美和南美間的油區(qū)，而第三個是亞洲和澳洲之間的地區(qū)，包括蘇門答臘、婆羅洲和爪洼島。
8. The forth areais the part near the North Pole. When all the present oilfields areexhausted,it is possible that this cold region may become the scene of oilactivity. Yet the difficulties will be great,and the costs may be so high thatno company will undertake the work. If progress in using atomic power to drivemachines is fast enough,it is possible that oil-driven engines may give placeto the new kind of engine. In that case the demand for oil will fall,theoilfields will gradually disappear,and the deposits at the North Pole may restwhere they are for ever.
8、第四個油區(qū)是靠近北極那部分區(qū)域。當(dāng)所有現(xiàn)今的油田都枯竭了的時候，這一寒冷地區(qū)可能會成為石油競爭活動的場所。然而困難將是很大的，同時代價也可能很高，因此沒有一家公司肯承擔(dān)這一任務(wù)。如果利用原子能來開動機器方面的工作進展迅速，那么以油為動力的發(fā)電機可能讓位于新型發(fā)動機。在那種情況下，對石油的需求量將下降，油田將逐漸消失，而北極的儲油也可能永遠睡在原地。
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