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法律文本中shall的用法
在英文的法律文本中，法律翻譯者經(jīng)常會碰到情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，能否準(zhǔn)確翻譯，也體現(xiàn)著翻譯者的水平高低，尤其是shall在法律文本的翻譯中更是頻繁，下面就來看一下法律英語中shall的用法。
“shall”怎么譯
“shall”一般用于法律或半法律文件中，含有“本條款具有法律規(guī)定的指令性或強(qiáng)制性之意”。尤其是在經(jīng)貿(mào)法律文本中，“shall”的譯法種類繁多，通常被譯為“須”、“應(yīng)”，有時(shí)被譯成“應(yīng)當(dāng)”，也有時(shí)譯成“要”、“將”、“可”，還有被譯成“必須”，舉例如下：
1. …the election or recall of chief procurators of people’s procuratorates shall be reported to the chief procurators of the people’s procuratorates at the next higher level for submission to the standing committees of the people’s congresses at the corresponding level for approval.
選出或罷免人民檢察長，須報(bào)上級人民檢察院檢察長提請?jiān)摷壢嗣翊泶髸?wù)委員會批準(zhǔn)。(憲法)
2.One who instigates others to commit a crime shall be punished according to the role he plays in the joint crime. One who instigates a person under the age of eighteen to commit a crime shall be given a heavier punishment.
教唆他人犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照他在共同犯罪中起的作用處罰。教唆不滿十八歲的人犯罪的，應(yīng)當(dāng)從重處罰。(刑法)
3.If the Buyers fail to notify and/or forward full details within the period specified above, the Buyers shall be deemed to have waived their right to assert any claim.
如果買方未能在上述規(guī)定的期間內(nèi)通知和(或)寄出完整的細(xì)節(jié)，那么買方將被認(rèn)為放棄提出任何索賠的權(quán)利。
4. In the event the Buyers’ such appointment does not arrive in time, the Sellers’ system of inspection shall be final and binding upon the parties concerned.
萬一買方對這種委托未能及時(shí)到達(dá)，賣方的檢查制度將是決定性的并對有關(guān)各方有約束力。
5.The Purchaser shall, upon receipt of Corporation’s respective invoices therefor, pay to Corporation all amounts which become due by the Purchaser to the Corporation hereunder, including without limitation an amount equal to the taxes and duties.
收到公司的各種單據(jù)后，買方必須立刻付給公司已到期應(yīng)付的所有款項(xiàng)，包括各種稅收費(fèi)用在內(nèi)，不得有例外。
綜上所述：shall的譯法顯然多種多樣，我們在翻譯的時(shí)候要注意上下文的語境，根據(jù)語境的不同來決定“shall”的意思。
什么情況下“shall”可以選擇不譯
有些情況下“shall”是可以不翻譯的，具體情況如下：
一、在具有較長時(shí)效的一般性法律條文中(如基本法和憲法)，即對對象較為籠統(tǒng)的的廣大民眾實(shí)施的法律，而不是時(shí)效性很強(qiáng)、實(shí)施范圍狹窄的指令、通令和命令中。例如：
1.All Hong Kong residents shall be equal before the law.
香港居民在法律面前一律平等。
2.The homes and other premises of Hong Kong residents shall be inviolable. Arbitrary or unlawful search of, or intrusion into, a resident’s home or other premises shall be prohibited.
香港居民的住宅和其他房屋不受侵犯。禁止任意或非法搜查、侵入居民的住宅和其他房屋。
二、在法律和普通合約條文中，當(dāng)shall之后所跟的動(dòng)詞本身就能表達(dá)權(quán)利、義務(wù)或責(zé)任以及主句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為shall + be + predicative (表語)時(shí)，通常也是不譯的：
1.The board shall have such jurisdiction and powers as are conferred on it by this or any other Ordinance.
仲裁處具備本條例或任何其他條例授予仲裁處的司法管轄權(quán)及權(quán)利。
2.If the Buyers fail to provide such letter of credit in the Seller’s favor as prescribed above, the Sellers shall have the option of reselling the contracted goods for the account of the Buyers or delaying any shipment and/or cancelling any orders at any time on the Buyers account and risk.
如果買方未能向賣方提供如上規(guī)定的這種信用證，賣方有權(quán)選擇把合約規(guī)定的買上賬上的貨物轉(zhuǎn)售或隨時(shí)推遲付運(yùn)和(或)撤銷任何訂單，損失和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)由買方承擔(dān)。
3.The Landlord shall not be in any way responsible to the Tenant for any damage caused to be said premises or the contents thereof arising as a result of the negligence of any other tenant of the said building.
由于該大廈其他任何住戶的過失而產(chǎn)生的對該樓宇或其里面的東西的任何損壞，業(yè)主對主租戶不負(fù)任何責(zé)任。
4.Provided that should the Purchaser or his nominee have entered in possession of the premises hereby agreed to be sold the Purchaser shall thereupon be deemed to have accepted the title of the Vendor and shall not be entitled to raise any requisition or objection In respect of any of the matters aforesaid.
倘若買主或其指定人已占有憑本合約出售的樓宇，買主將被認(rèn)為已接受賣主的所有權(quán)，并無權(quán)在上述任何問題方面提出任何要求或反對。
仔細(xì)對照以上中英文本，我們不難歸納出：在法律及合約條文中，have the right/power/jurisdiction/obligation of, have the option of, be responsible for (bear/take responsibility/cost for), be obliged to, be liable to, be entitled to, be at liberty to, be able to, be + predicative adjective等動(dòng)詞短語片語是經(jīng)常用來表示權(quán)利、責(zé)任和義務(wù)的，如果這些短語前面帶有shall，則一般不能把它譯成“須”、“應(yīng)當(dāng)”、“應(yīng)”等。
“shall”的否定句應(yīng)該如何翻譯?
“Shall”在兩種情況下可以不譯外，主要可以被譯成“須”、“應(yīng)”和“應(yīng)當(dāng)”等。但shall與not或其他否定形式(如用否定詞No/neigher開頭的句子)連用時(shí)，一般不能順其自然，譯成“不須”、“不應(yīng)”或“不要”、“不可”、“不應(yīng)當(dāng)”，因?yàn)檫@幾個(gè)詞的意思在漢語里主要表示“建議”或“忠告”;在語用上，口語色彩較重，表示“禁止”的語氣不夠強(qiáng)烈;大量既定的權(quán)威性文獻(xiàn)表明：shall not及類似否定式短句的最通常、最恰當(dāng)?shù)淖g法是“不得”，因?yàn)椤安坏谩痹跐h語里與“禁止”一詞同義，與法律英語中含shall的否定句所要表達(dá)的意思相同。例如：
1.The rights and freedoms enjoyed by Hong Kong residents shall not be restricted unless as prescribed by law. Such restrictions shall not contravene the provisions of the preceding paragraph of this Article.
香港居民享有的權(quán)利和自由，除依法規(guī)定外不得限制，此種限制不得與本條第一款規(guī)定抵觸。
2. No will shall be revoked by any presumption of an intention on the ground of an alteration in circumstances.
凡以情況有變?yōu)槔碛�，而對立遺囑作出推定者，該遺囑不得因該項(xiàng)推定而撤銷。
3.Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interest hereunder without the other Party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld.
本協(xié)議的任何一方未經(jīng)另一方事先書面同意(該另一方不得無理拒絕同意)，不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本協(xié)議或其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的任何權(quán)利和權(quán)益。
這里歸納出的是shall + not在法律文件英譯漢中最常用的一種譯法，并不意味著這就是一個(gè)絕對翻譯規(guī)律。盡管法律篇章的翻譯比較特殊，但任何翻譯經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié)都不能生搬硬套。任何一個(gè)詞的正確翻譯都得根據(jù)上下文及在特定情形下的語言表達(dá)習(xí)慣來確定。
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