иԇ13(g)ȫ(sh)ڵĂ俼hСҽBxϣ(hu)(du)Ў
1иxҪxȫĆ?
ETSƬThe Life of An ItemV҂һ(g)x(xing)O(sh)Ӌ(j)ֹ“__e(cu)`e(cu)`”߀Ҫ_“all the passage is covered by items”ˣxxȫΰÿһ(g)x(xing)?
2W(xu)g(sh)(qing)иɿ(j)?
иԇxӢZZԜy(c)ԇ(yng)ԓעڜy(c)ԇW(xu)“Z”쿼“W(xu)g(sh)֪R(sh)”ԓ}ETSаl(f)(jng)F.RobinشfиҲCriterion-Referenced|(zh)@ɱʹÌW(xu)g(sh)õČW(xu)ڿԇռЃ(yu)(sh)
3P(gun)Iʲô?
ETSu(png)B.SuomiŮʿ˼Ļشdeveloping your ideaҲLJ@^c(din)(})M(jn)жչ_(dng)Ȼǰǵ^c(din)_ӢZ
4ʲôǿԇеy}?
ETSu(png)B.SuomiŮʿJ(rn)A difficult item requires sophisticated reasoning or understanding of a high level concept not because it tests obscure or esoteric matter
5ܲx?
“иxµL(zhng)ȱc}Ŀ(sh)ƥ”@x}ĿO(sh)Ӌ(j)ԭtˣ“xoUԒ”mETSxԇҪˈDxҪ܉xȫIJ}P(gun)ϢЩͬW(xu)f“MxǴ_(sh)xôk?“ ETSB.SuomiŮʿĽhȻŬx£keep reading keep practicing
6?jn)?sh)Ҫ?
ETSu(png)J.Bardشǿ϶ġx}Ҳܿ錑ǿ鲻productivityֻʹ^}ʽܿW(xu)λr(sh)g(ni)Įa(chn)@ҲZҪwF(xin)ˣ|(zh)?jn)?sh)ͬҪZͬ
SadekŮʿf?jn)?sh)Խe(cu)ĿԾԽŶ!(d)300DZ^ǡ(dng)?sh)ģһƪ²ڌ˶չ_ՓC}Ŀ(Topic development is the most important issue here) ͬr(sh)еfNo memorized language! ҪģŶ!
7(f)h(hu)۷ֆ?
ETSŮ醾팣Kimfǵ(f)hǞ醾Ĺƽ(f)hĴ}oµϼ(j)醾õijɿ(j)пܸڵڻԭгɿ(j)Xؔ(ci)һ(zi)(f)hL(fng)U(xin)X֔(jn)
8ܶͬW(xu)˛_ķ^ƫ}y}ό(du)(du)?
Ҫ^(q)e(du)ETS}Federic Robin_fIf we intend for an item to be difficult we make certain that it is difficult because it requires sophisticated reasoning or understanding of a high-level concept not because it tests obscure or esoteric matterҲf@(g)y}߉(f)s߸(zhn)@ǿԽܵr;@Щy}?yn)?ni)ݻޝ?yun)WҊô@N}һ҂ҪԵIJ
9ɷ(j)^ؼų“O~R”x(xing)?
?yn)ٷڳ}ĕr(sh)ѽ(jng)(hu)x@Щ~oYxFederekf“Distracters(wrong options) should not include specific determiners(“always”/“never”)”
10(du)ÿһx}?
x}ĵһx(du)ǽ^(du)܃HHMڵһһҪŪÿ(g)_x(xing)_ԭͬr(sh)ÿһ(g)e(cu)`x(xing)e(cu)`ԭETS}AshmoreV҂}ĕr(sh)@ôģᘌ(du)ÿһ}һҪѴ𰸵ԭضx_
Articulate why each distracter(wrong option) is wrong
Consider whether you could defend the key(right option) to an examinee
11(x)(ji)}Dzһ(hu)Ҫļ(x)(ji)?
Щ߅߅߅ǵļ(x)(ji)ɲܕ(hu)?
ETSنTJefffÿһ}ĿO(sh)Ӌ(j)ĕr(sh)}߶(hu)ԼDoes the item measure something worth measuring or is it trivial and unimportant?O(sh)Ӌ(j)F(tun)(du)Ўׂ(g)ɆTxtĕ(hu)@(g)}Ŀڳ}ĕr(sh)Ҳ(hu)O_x(xing)?yn)length complexityor diction stand out
12Z@NsubjectiveĿԇƽ?
a.ÿһ(g)ZresponseǶһ(g)rater((sh)ϣETSvf17350(g)raters)ĵDZSC(j)ķֽoͬratersģ@ӾͿԴpͬһ(g)rater(du)(yn)(du)ɶӰijһ(g)˵ķ?jn)?sh)M(jn)Cƽ
b.ZģǴ_еv˷һοпZdz(bio)(zhn)ҲdzǾ܇AԒmڶ(g)}ĿĴ𰸣]Ќ(sh)|(zh)(ni)ıٽo˺ܵ͵ķ?jn)?sh)
13Zԇе¼?
ٸV҂ஔ(dng)test takersڿZԇĕr(sh)(hu)fI hate ETS.You make my life miserable.I am so mad about you (dng)ж@ӵtest takersr(sh)ٟoεЦЦfmore than you could expect