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你的養(yǎng)老金有危險嗎？
Since May 10, 2005, when a bankruptcy judge let United Airlines default on its pension plan, employees at all types of companies have started to wonder whether their retirement money is safe. The good news: It probably is.
Retirement Plans Explained
The United case applies to traditional defined-benefit pension plans, which guarantee workers a defined monthly income after they retire. When employers like United run into financial troubles and can no longer afford to pay benefits, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. (PBGC), a government agency, generally takes over to guarantee payments continue.
Most workers at those companies that have defaulted on pension plans end up getting their full pension payouts from the PBGC. For plans taken over in 2005, the PBGC will pay up to $45,614 this year to people who retire at 65 (the maximum is lower for early retirees). If the annual pension payout is less than that, the recipient still receives the full amount he's been expecting from his pension. The average pension payout is currently just $14,000, according to the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI).
And many people don't need to worry about traditional pensions anyway. Instead, more employers now offer defined-contribution (not defined-benefit) retirement plans, such as 401ks. These types of plans let you contribute pretax money, which your employer may match. You won't owe taxes until you withdraw the funds when you're retired. You're responsible for your investment choices and for any gains or losses; your employer is off the hook, even if the account loses money. In 1991, 26.1 million people were covered by defined-benefit plans, while 30.4 million had defined-contribution plans. By 2003, only 21.4 million had defined-benefit plans, while 52.1 million had defined-
contribution plans, according to EBRI.
People with defined-contribution plans need not worry about their employer's financial health when it comes to their retirement nest egg. Money in 401ks and other similar plans is held in trust for you, and it's illegal for your employer to touch it.
Protect Your Financial Future
But even if the odds are good that your retirement money is safe, this is a perfect opportunity to review your savings plans and make sure you aren't counting on money that may never appear. Here are some simple steps to take:
•Find out whether any of your pension money is at risk, especially if you work in the troubled auto, airline or steel industries, recommends Ken Robinson, a certified financial planner with The Monitor Group in McLean, Virginia. Several of his clients are retired pilots with United and other airlines, and he's helping them figure out whether they'd lose money if the PBGC took over their company's plan. "In a situation like that, it's very difficult, because you've been planning all along for a certain benefit," he says. In that case, clients need to set aside more money in their own retirement accounts to help fill any gaps.
•When planning for retirement, don't count on money you aren't guaranteed to have. Employers generally send an annual statement showing how much of a pension payout you'd receive in retirement if you left your job today and if you continued with the company until you're 65. Reed Fraasa, a certified financial planner in Paramus, New Jersey, recommends focusing primarily on that first column -?the money you'd get if you left right now. After all, you could be laid off or decide to switch to another job, or your employer could freeze its pension plan and stop the accrual of new benefits. "We don't use the projected benefit; that's a wishing well out there," Fraasa says. "We focus on the part you do own."
•Protect yourself. Even if you're in line to get a huge pension, it also helps to save as much as possible in accounts you control. Invest the maximum in your 401k, especially if you have an employer match, and in your Roth or traditional IRA (on both, the limit is $4,000 in 2005; $4,500 if you're 50 or older). If you can afford to save even more, open a small-business retirement plan if you have any self-employed income, or invest in a taxable account you plan to hold on to long-term.
自從2005年5月10日一位審理破產(chǎn)案件的法官允許聯(lián)合航空公司不履行其養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃以來，各種類型公司里的員工們都開始懷疑他們的養(yǎng)老金是否還有保證。好消息是：可能是的。
養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃說明
聯(lián)合公司的案例適用于傳統(tǒng)的固定領(lǐng)取養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃，它可以保證職工在退休后每月有固定的收入。當(dāng)象聯(lián)合公司這樣的雇主發(fā)生財(cái)政危機(jī)無法支付養(yǎng)老金時，養(yǎng)老金擔(dān)保集團(tuán)(PBGC)作為一個政府機(jī)構(gòu)通常會接管而繼續(xù)支付養(yǎng)老金。
那些已停止履行養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃的公司的大部分職工最終都是從養(yǎng)老金擔(dān)保集團(tuán)獲得了養(yǎng)老金的全額支出。在2005年接管的項(xiàng)目中，養(yǎng)老金擔(dān)保集團(tuán)將在這一年向六十五歲退休的人們支付共計(jì)45,614美元（提前退休人員的總金額將會略低）。如果每年支付的養(yǎng)老金比這個數(shù)額要低，那么接受者仍然會收到他所預(yù)期的全額養(yǎng)老金。根據(jù)職工福利研究協(xié)會(EBRI)的數(shù)據(jù)，養(yǎng)老金的平均支付金額現(xiàn)在僅有14,000美元。
無論如何，很多人都不必?fù)?dān)心傳統(tǒng)的養(yǎng)老金。取而代之的是現(xiàn)在越來越多的雇主開始提供象401k這樣的固定繳費(fèi)（不是固定領(lǐng)�。┩诵萦�(jì)劃。這些類型的計(jì)劃要求你存入你的雇主相對應(yīng)的稅前貨幣。直到你退休后支取該基金的時候你都不必支付稅款。你負(fù)責(zé)你的投資選擇以及贏利或虧損；你的雇主已經(jīng)徹底脫身了，即使該帳戶的錢虧損都與他無關(guān)。根據(jù)職工福利研究協(xié)會的數(shù)據(jù)，在1991年，兩千六百一十萬人參加了固定支取計(jì)劃，而有三千零四十萬人已經(jīng)參加了固定繳費(fèi)計(jì)劃。
當(dāng)涉及到人們期待的未來利益時，參加了固定繳費(fèi)計(jì)劃的人們不必?fù)?dān)心他們雇主的財(cái)政健康狀況。401k和其他類似計(jì)劃里面的錢已經(jīng)被設(shè)定了保障供你使用，并且你的雇主要動用它是非法的。
保護(hù)你的財(cái)政前景
即使在你的退休金是安全的情況下，這也是一個很好的機(jī)會來檢查一下你的存款計(jì)劃，并且確認(rèn)你不是在依賴可能永遠(yuǎn)不會出現(xiàn)的錢。這里是一些可以采取的簡單的步驟：
•位于弗吉尼亞州麥克林的Monitor集團(tuán)中經(jīng)認(rèn)證的財(cái)政計(jì)劃員Ken Robinson建議你找出可能存在危險的養(yǎng)老金，特別是當(dāng)你就職于有麻煩的汽車、航空、鋼鐵行業(yè)。他的幾個客戶是聯(lián)合航空公司和其他航空公司已退休的飛行員，他在幫助他們計(jì)算當(dāng)養(yǎng)老金擔(dān)保集團(tuán)接管他們公司的養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃之后他們是否會有所損失。他說：“在這種情況下，這是很困難的，因?yàn)槟阋恢痹跒橐豁?xiàng)固定的養(yǎng)老金做計(jì)劃。”這樣一來，客戶們就需要往他們的養(yǎng)老金帳戶里投放更多的錢來填補(bǔ)空缺。
•在做退休計(jì)劃的時候，不要依賴那些你并不確定能拿到的錢。雇主們通常都會發(fā)給你一份年度報告，顯示如果你在今天離職和如果你一直為公司工作到六十五歲時你在退休后所能拿到的養(yǎng)老金數(shù)額。位于新澤西州的Paramus公司中經(jīng)認(rèn)證的財(cái)政計(jì)劃員Reed Fraasa建議主要關(guān)注第一欄里面你現(xiàn)在就離職所能拿到的錢數(shù)。畢竟你可能被裁員或者決定換另一份工作，或者你的雇主可能凍結(jié)他的養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃而且不再參加新的養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃。Fraasa說：“我們不會使用計(jì)劃中的養(yǎng)老金，那只是一個良好的愿望。我們注重你已經(jīng)擁有的那一部分。”
•保護(hù)你自己。即使你可以得到一大筆養(yǎng)老金，在你控制的帳戶里盡可能存入更多的錢仍然有很大幫助。最大限度地在你的401k帳戶中投資，特別是你有雇主配合的情況下，在你的Roth或傳統(tǒng)IRA帳戶里投資（兩個帳戶都投，限額是2005年為4,000美元，五十歲及以上為4,500美元）。如果你能夠負(fù)擔(dān)存入更多，在擁有自由職業(yè)收入的情況下設(shè)立一個小型商業(yè)退休金計(jì)劃，或者投資一個你計(jì)劃長期使用的可納稅帳戶。
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