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美國讀工業(yè)工程碩士選擇哪些方向
工業(yè)工程(IE)的申請(qǐng)一直都是工程類里比較熱門的專業(yè)，不僅僅是學(xué)IE本專業(yè)的人，連一些學(xué)其它工程類專業(yè)的學(xué)生也都來湊熱鬧(比如CS、EE等)。造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因有兩個(gè)：
一方面，大家錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為這個(gè)專業(yè)偏重于管理而不是技術(shù)，所以對(duì)自己未來的發(fā)展有積極的影響;
另外一方面是這個(gè)專業(yè)對(duì)于學(xué)生的背景并沒有太多的要求，比如說University of Michigan at Ann Arbor要求學(xué)生學(xué)過2年的Calculus(4個(gè)學(xué)期)，兩年的Science課程(包括Chemistry、 Physics或者Biology)，概率論一門，統(tǒng)計(jì)一門，線性代數(shù)一門，計(jì)算機(jī)編程(必須會(huì)編程語言)。而可以滿足這樣條件的學(xué)生，從Physics、Biology、Chemistry到EE、CS、ME等涵蓋了基本上全部的理工科專業(yè).
什么是工業(yè)工程(IE)
簡單點(diǎn)說，就是讓生產(chǎn)流程、產(chǎn)品或系統(tǒng)變得更好的一個(gè)專業(yè)。其它的工程師是在創(chuàng)造東西，如何使得其它工程師創(chuàng)造東西時(shí)的系統(tǒng)和流程優(yōu)化，就是工業(yè)工程師的職責(zé)，即創(chuàng)造或改善系統(tǒng)和流程。IE是工程領(lǐng)域里最人性化的專業(yè)，工業(yè)工程師這一職業(yè)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)得到了廣泛的認(rèn)可，在20世紀(jì)初，有兩名IE的奠基者Frank和Lillian Gilbreth，幫助醫(yī)院提出了一個(gè)做手術(shù)和培訓(xùn)醫(yī)生、護(hù)士和技術(shù)員的方法，結(jié)果，做手術(shù)的時(shí)間大幅縮短，存活率得到了提升，這足以體現(xiàn)工業(yè)工程師在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中的價(jià)值，在尋求優(yōu)化流程的過程中，IE的目的就是幫助減少或消除各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的浪費(fèi)，尤其是時(shí)間、金錢、材料和能源的浪費(fèi)。
從大方向來講，工業(yè)工程(IE)可以分為Human Factor(人因?qū)W)、Manufacturing(制造業(yè))、Operation Research(運(yùn)籌學(xué))、Production(生產(chǎn))這四個(gè)大方向。
其中Human Factor和 Operation Research屬于新興方向，專業(yè)都比較年輕，Operation Research起源于二戰(zhàn)時(shí)對(duì)物質(zhì)的分配和統(tǒng)籌，數(shù)理含量非常高，不僅僅在工業(yè)工程(IE)下有相關(guān)方向，在有些數(shù)學(xué)系下也有相關(guān)的研究。
Operation Research還可以延伸出Financial Engineering(我們在關(guān)于金融的文章中會(huì)有更詳細(xì)的說明)，Project Management(項(xiàng)目管理)，Engineering Management(工程管理：有一些學(xué)校該專業(yè)已經(jīng)獨(dú)立出來了，比如Stanford University和George Washington University)等方向。
Human Factor不僅僅在IE下有，在CS下也有相關(guān)的方向。事實(shí)上，這也說明了工科的特點(diǎn)：各個(gè)專業(yè)之間非常的交叉。
Manufacturing和Production可以算是傳統(tǒng)方向，Manufacturing是有關(guān)制造方面的，非常偏工廠端的，與Mechanical Engineering 的交叉比較多;Production可以說是Distributed Control(分散控制)、Supply Chain(供應(yīng)鏈)、Analysis and Modeling(分析和模仿)，Transportation(運(yùn)輸)、Logistics(物流)、Stock Theory(存貨理論)、Queuing Theory(排隊(duì)理論)以及Game Theory(博弈論)的應(yīng)用等。
如果細(xì)分的話，我們可以把工業(yè)工程(IE)分為以下諸多方向：
1..Project Management項(xiàng)目管理
2.Manufacturing， Production and Distribution制造、生產(chǎn)和分配
3.Supply Chain Management供應(yīng)鏈管理
4.Productivity， Methods and Process Engineering生產(chǎn)力、方法和加工工程
5.Quality Measurement and Improvement質(zhì)量檢測與改進(jìn)
6.Program Management程序管理
7.Ergonomics/Human Factors人因?qū)W
8.Technology Development and Transfer技術(shù)開發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)讓
9.Strategic Planning戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃
10.Management of Change變革管理
11.Financial Engineering金融工程
這11個(gè)大的方向下又有很多小的說明和分支：
1.Project Management項(xiàng)目管理
Develop the detailed work breakdown structure of complex activities and form them into an integrated plan制定復(fù)雜活動(dòng)的詳細(xì)任務(wù)分解結(jié)構(gòu)，形成整合計(jì)劃
Provide time based schedules and resource allocations for complex plans or implementations為復(fù)雜的計(jì)劃和工序提供時(shí)間進(jìn)度表以及資源分配策略
Use project management techniques to perform Industrial Engineering analyses and investigations利用項(xiàng)目管理技術(shù)進(jìn)行工業(yè)工程分析和調(diào)查
Conduct facility planning and facility layout development of new and revised production plants and office buildings對(duì)新的以及改造過的生產(chǎn)廠房和辦公樓進(jìn)行設(shè)備規(guī)劃與布局
Form and direct both small and large teams that work towards a defined objective， scope & deliverables組織和指導(dǎo)朝著特定的目標(biāo)、范圍和產(chǎn)品而努力的小型和大型團(tuán)隊(duì)
Perform risk analysis of various project options and outcomes對(duì)各種項(xiàng)目選項(xiàng)和成果進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析
2.Manufacturing， Production and Distribution制造，生產(chǎn)和分配
Participate in design reviews to ensure manufacturability of the product參與設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)審以確保產(chǎn)品的可生產(chǎn)性
Determine methods and procedures for production distribution activity為產(chǎn)品分配活動(dòng)確定方法和流程
Create documentation and work instructions for production and distribution為生產(chǎn)和分配制定工作流程說明
Manage resources and maintain schedule requirements to meet required production and distribution schedules管理資源和維持流程的要求以實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)定的生產(chǎn)和分配流程
Process Optimization utilizing Simulation tools (Arena， etc)采用模擬分析工具(例如Arena等)實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)化
Facilitate and Lead process improvement teams協(xié)助和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)流程改進(jìn)團(tuán)隊(duì)
3.Supply Chain Management供應(yīng)鏈管理
Manage Supplier relationships管理供應(yīng)商關(guān)系
Managing and report on company Supplier Cost/ Performance Indices to management管理供應(yīng)商成本/性能指標(biāo)，并向管理人員報(bào)告
Audit Suppliers and ensure supplier processes and procedures are being followed稽核供應(yīng)商，確保供方遵循了流程
Travel to suppliers to resolve issues到供應(yīng)商處商談以解決問題
Coordinate first article Inspections 首件檢測
Work with Outsource Manufacturers to ensure product quality， delivery and cost， is maintained與外包商合作以保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、順利交付和成本
4.Productivity， Methods and Process Engineering生產(chǎn)力，方法和加工工程
Define proper work methods for tasks確定合適的任務(wù)完成方法
Define appropriate processes for work flow activities確定合理的工作流程
Define key production measures確定關(guān)鍵的生產(chǎn)措施
Define goals and data capture/analysis for key measures確定核心措施的目標(biāo)和數(shù)據(jù)獲取/分析
Perform root cause analysis to improve poor performing processes通過影響因素分析來改善加工過程
Develop appropriate incentive plans for work tasks為工作任務(wù)制定適宜的激勵(lì)計(jì)劃
Determine capacity requirements and subsequent investment options確定容量需求以及相應(yīng)的投資選擇
5.Quality Measurement and Improvement質(zhì)量檢測與改進(jìn)
Resolve quality-related issues in all aspects of the business解決所有與質(zhì)量相關(guān)的問題
Work with design and production teams and outsource manufacturers to ensure product quality is maintained during the design and production phases在設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)階段，與設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)團(tuán)隊(duì)、外包制造商合作以確保產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量
Audit defined processes and procedures to ensure that they are being followed審核規(guī)定的程序和流程以確保它們是按照流程進(jìn)行
Coordinate and Facilitate 3rd Party Quality Audits協(xié)調(diào)和促進(jìn)第三方質(zhì)量審核
Provide refresher training on procedures for company personnel on Quality and process-related issues， including the use of analytical tools and techniques such as SPC， Six Sigma， etc.在質(zhì)量和流程相關(guān)問題上，對(duì)公司員工提供進(jìn)一步培訓(xùn)，包括利用分析工具和技術(shù)，例如SPC， Six Sigma等
Manage and resolve issues with incoming material through the Receiving process通過接收處理，解決與來料相關(guān)的問題
6.Program Management項(xiàng)目管理
Develop proposals for new programs對(duì)新項(xiàng)目制定方案
Manage program/project teams to ensure program stays on schedule， on budget， and meets performance expectations管理項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)，以確保項(xiàng)目按照原定計(jì)劃、預(yù)算進(jìn)行，并符合性能預(yù)期。
Coordinate a matrix of team member across departments within an organization to ensure completion of project tasks在一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)里，協(xié)調(diào)不同部門的不同團(tuán)隊(duì)成員以確保項(xiàng)目任務(wù)的完成
7.Ergonomics/Human Factors人因?qū)W
Ensure Human Factors Engineering is utilized in New Product Design確保人因?qū)W工程在新產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)上的使用
Ensure Human Factors Engineering disciplines are utilized in production setup and configuration確保人因?qū)W工程在產(chǎn)品安裝和配置方面的使用
Ensure company Ergonomics policies are defined to minimize causes of employee injury and discomfort確保公司人因?qū)W政策的確定，以最小化雇員的受傷和不適情形
8.Technology Development and Transfer技術(shù)開發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)讓
Identify basic business problems requiring analysis鑒定基本的需要分析的業(yè)務(wù)問題
Determine if technology or process based solution best確定以技術(shù)或流程為基礎(chǔ)的解決方案是否是最好的
Characterize problem， identify prospective providers/bidders and submit requests for proposals歸類問題，確定潛在的供應(yīng)商/投標(biāo)商，并且提交方案申請(qǐng)
Evaluate bid responses， select successful bidder(s) and establish technical feasibility評(píng)估投標(biāo)反饋，選擇合適的投標(biāo)商，確定技術(shù)可行性
Conduct small scale/medium scale tests to determine operational feasibility， implementation methods and training requirements進(jìn)行小規(guī)模/中等規(guī)模的測試來確定操作的可行性、實(shí)施方法和培訓(xùn)要求
Conduct enterprise wide implementation企業(yè)范圍內(nèi)實(shí)施
Transition support activities/responsibilities to long term business and technology owners為長期業(yè)務(wù)和技術(shù)所有者提供轉(zhuǎn)讓支持
9.Strategic Planning戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃
Develop long range planning models， typically 5-10 years in scope制定長期規(guī)劃，一般是5-10年的規(guī)劃
Model all areas affected by operation為操作會(huì)影響到的各個(gè)方面做模型
Identify anticipated investment in plant， capacity， network， etc判斷在工廠、容量、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等方面的預(yù)期投資
Tie to preliminary production cost， operational cost， sales forecasts與初步的生產(chǎn)成本、經(jīng)營成本、銷售預(yù)測捆綁
Develop preliminary financial impacts， including profitability and ROI明確初步的財(cái)務(wù)影響，包括盈利能力和投資回報(bào)率
10.Management of Change變革管理
Ensure that change programs are coordinated， support one another and move along the critical path確保變革項(xiàng)目的執(zhí)行，互相支持并且在關(guān)鍵步驟共同前進(jìn)
Create and maintain the imperative for the change， establish priorities and provide visible sponsorship for the change確保變革的執(zhí)行，確定優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)，并為變革提供可見的贊助
Provide the skills， knowledge， processes， organization structure and tools required to deliver the change提供變革所需的技能、知識(shí)、流程、組織結(jié)構(gòu)和工具
Ensure that the individuals involved buy into the change， actively support it and adopt their behavior accordingly確保每個(gè)相關(guān)的人融入變革、積極支持并采取相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)
11.Financial Engineering金融工程
Determine production costs using specific cost based methodology采用具體的基于成本的方法來確定生產(chǎn)成本
Develop budgets， forecasts for operating cost centers為運(yùn)營成本中心制定預(yù)算和預(yù)測
Measure actual performance vs budget goals and investigate variance測試實(shí)際表現(xiàn)vs預(yù)算目標(biāo)和調(diào)查差異
Develop capital and expense budgets for capacity expansion為擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)能力制定資本開支和費(fèi)用預(yù)算
Perform cost analysis/justification for capital and expense expenditures對(duì)資本開支和費(fèi)用預(yù)算進(jìn)行成本分析和調(diào)整
Perform make vs buy vs lease analyses 執(zhí)行制造，購買與租借分析
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