托福TPO16綜合寫作范文及材料原文
托福TPO16綜合寫作材料是關(guān)于英國的考古研究問題的。下面是小編整理的托福TPO16綜合寫作范文幾原文材料，歡迎閱讀!
托福TPO16綜合寫作范文：
The professor explained three aspects of the new guidelines adopted in the United Kingdom, each of which has successfully addressed the problems mentioned in the reading passage concerning the preservation of artifacts, the funding of archaeological research, and career opportunities in archaeology.
First, the professor pointed out that according to the new guidelines, any construction project must undergo an evaluation process in order for the archaeological value of the site to be ascertained. If a site is determined to contain precious objects, a panel of experts is convened to draw up a preservation plan. This measure has proven very effective in addressing the first problem mentioned in the reading – careless and irresponsible construction projects being pursued without any regard for archaeological preservation.
Second, the lecturer explained that the new guidelines shifted the responsibility for funding archaeological work, from initial examination to future preservation, from the government to construction companies. As a result of this shift, the second problem highlighted in the reading concerning insufficient government funds for archaeological research has been significantly addressed.
The professor's last point concerned the final problem raised in the reading material – a decline in archaeology-related job opportunities. She argued that thanks to the new guidelines, many skillful, full-time archaeological experts and professionals are now needed to handle work at various stages of archaeological investigation, research, and preservation.
托福TPO16綜合寫作閱讀材料：
The United Kingdom (sometimes referred to as Britain) has a long and rich history of human settlement. Traces of buildings, tools, and art can be found from periods going back many thousands of years: from the Stone Age, through the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the time of the Roman colonization, the Middle Ages, up to the beginnings of the industrial age. Yet from most of the twentieth century, the science of archaeology – dedicated to uncovering and studying old cultural artifacts – was faced with serious problems and limitations in Britain.
英國(有的時(shí)候被稱為不列顛)在人類居住建筑方面有久遠(yuǎn)豐富的歷史。建筑、建筑工具以及建筑藝術(shù)的遺跡的歷史可以追溯到數(shù)千年。從石器時(shí)代開始，歷經(jīng)青銅時(shí)代、鐵器時(shí)代、羅馬殖民時(shí)代、中世紀(jì)，一直到工業(yè)時(shí)代的初期。但是在20世紀(jì)的大部分時(shí)間里的英國，致力于挖掘和研究古代文化遺跡的考古學(xué)面臨著嚴(yán)峻的問題和局限性。
First, many valuable artifacts were lost to construction projects. The growth of Britain’s population, especially from the 1950s on, spurred a lot of new construction in British cities, towns, and villages. While digging foundations for new buildings, the builders often uncovered archaeologically valuable sites. Usually, however, they proceeded with the construction and did not preserve the artifacts. Many archaeologically precious artifacts were therefore destroyed.
首先，建筑工程破壞了很多有價(jià)值的估計(jì)。從1950年以來愈加明顯的人口增加導(dǎo)致了英國建筑業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展，無論是在城市、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)還是村莊。在給新建筑打地基的時(shí)候，建筑者常常會(huì)挖掘到一些有價(jià)值的文物遺跡。然而，常常建筑工人會(huì)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行工作，而不是保護(hù)這些文物。很多很多珍貴的考古文物就因此遭到了破壞。
Second, many archaeologists felt that the financial support for archaeological research are inadequate. For most of the twentieth century, archaeology was funded mostly through government funds and grants, which allowed archaeologists to investigate a handful of the most important sites but which left hundreds of other interesting projects without support. Furthermore, changing government priorities brought about periodic reductions in funding.
第二，很多考古學(xué)家都感覺到考古學(xué)研究的經(jīng)費(fèi)不足。在二十世紀(jì)的大部分時(shí)間里，考古的`經(jīng)費(fèi)大多來自于政府的基金和撥款。經(jīng)費(fèi)的不足導(dǎo)致考古學(xué)家只能研究很少了的最重要的遺跡，而數(shù)以千計(jì)的其他有意義的項(xiàng)目都缺乏經(jīng)費(fèi)。而且，政府預(yù)算優(yōu)先權(quán)的改變也導(dǎo)致了經(jīng)費(fèi)的周期性減少。
Third, it was difficult to have a career in archaeology. Archaeology jobs were to be found at universities or with a few government agencies, but there were never many positions available. Many people who wanted to become archaeologists ended up pursuing other careers and contributing to archaeological research only as unpaid amateurs.
第三，考古事業(yè)難以為繼。只有在大學(xué)和很少數(shù)的政府部門才能找到考古學(xué)相關(guān)的工作。但是職位總是供不應(yīng)求。很多想成為考古學(xué)家的人都放棄了，選擇了其他的領(lǐng)域，僅僅把考古學(xué)研究當(dāng)做一個(gè)沒有收益的業(yè)余愛好。
托福TPO16綜合寫作聽力材料：
In 1990, new rules and guidelines were adopted in the United Kingdom that has changed the whole field of Archaeology in that country. The new guidelines improved the situation in all there areas discussed in the passage.
在1990年，英國頒布了新的法規(guī)和指南，從而改變了英國整過考古學(xué)領(lǐng)域。新的指南改善了閱讀部分提到的所有領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)的問題。
First, the new guidelines state that before any construction project can start, the construction site has to be examined by archaeologists to see whether the site is of archaeological interest or value. If the site is of archaeological interest, the next step is for the builders, archaeologists and local government officials to get together and make a plan for preserving the archaeological artifacts, either by building around them or by excavating and documenting them properly before the construction is allowed to proceed.
首先，新的指南要求所有建筑工程開工之前都要經(jīng)由考古學(xué)家檢查以確定該地是否有考古價(jià)值的遺跡。如果有考古價(jià)值，那么下一步就是建筑者、考古學(xué)家和當(dāng)?shù)卣穆?lián)合行都了。他們要在一起制定一個(gè)保護(hù)考古遺跡的計(jì)劃。要么在周圍的地方建房子，要么在開工之前把文物妥善地挖掘保存起來。
Second, an important part of the new guidelines is a rule that any archaeological work done on the construction site will be paid for by the construction company not by the government. The construction company has to pay for the initial examination of the site, and then for all the work carried out under the preservation plan. This is a whole new source of financial support. The funding from construction companies has allowed researchers to study a far greater range of archaeological sites than they could in the past.
第二，新指南很重要的一部分就是規(guī)定對(duì)于建筑工地的考古學(xué)檢查的費(fèi)用由建筑公司而不是政府支付。建筑公司要為工地最初的檢查付費(fèi)，同時(shí)隨之而來的全部保存計(jì)劃都由建筑公司付費(fèi)。這是一個(gè)全新的資金來源。來自建筑公司的資金保證研究人員可以進(jìn)行逼以往更為深入的考古研究。
Last, the new guidelines provide a lot of paid work for archaeologists, work that didn’t exist before. Expert archaeologists are now hired at all stages of the process to examine the site for archaeological value, then to help draw up the preservation plan to do the research in a professional scientific manner and finally to process the date and write reports and articles. The increased job and career opportunities in Archaeology have increased the number of professional archaeologists in Britain, which is now the highest it’s ever been.
最后，新的指南為考古學(xué)家提供了很多新的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，而這在以前是不可能的。整過的考古研究過程都需要雇傭考古專家。從檢查地基的考古學(xué)價(jià)值，然后幫助制定符合專業(yè)科學(xué)研究的保護(hù)機(jī)會(huì)，到最后處理數(shù)據(jù)、撰寫報(bào)告和文章，這些都需要考古學(xué)家。增加的考古類工作崗位和事業(yè)發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)使得現(xiàn)在英國有了更多的專業(yè)考古學(xué)家，而這是有史以來最多的時(shí)候。
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