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GMAT閱讀的三大原則解析
對(duì)于很多考生而言，GMAT閱讀的解題思路不明晰，感覺(jué)閱讀無(wú)法繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去，造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因除了考生自身的英語(yǔ)能力以外，最重要的是考生忽略了對(duì)GMAT閱讀的技巧把握。下面小編就來(lái)為大家介紹一下解題的技巧原則，希望能夠幫助到您!
原則一：文章結(jié)構(gòu)須清晰，段落用意要明了
認(rèn)識(shí)文章結(jié)構(gòu)和明晰段落用意是理解文章的一個(gè)先決條件，那么我們?cè)撊绾稳?duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行把握呢?GMAT閱讀文章的類型不外乎立論型和駁論型兩類，而立論型的文章又可分為現(xiàn)象解析型和問(wèn)題解決型，駁論文章就是我們非常熟悉的觀點(diǎn)評(píng)價(jià)型文章。了解這一點(diǎn)以后，我們也就非常容易對(duì)任何一篇GMAT閱讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行把握，譬如，現(xiàn)象解析型的文章，文章中會(huì)給出某一現(xiàn)象，然后針對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行分析，闡述，并最終得出一種觀點(diǎn)。下面我們?yōu)榭忌厝×艘粋�(gè)文章例子。
But since the mid-1970's, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46 percent of government professionals, 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers. Since then, however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent.
What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? First, more women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age. Consequently, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. Also, the women's movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women on their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions. The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst—the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women's issues.
上文中，作者先闡述一個(gè)現(xiàn)象：Since then, however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. 然后在下一段中，以一個(gè)問(wèn)句開頭“What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers?”從這里我們可以一眼看出本文的一個(gè)重要結(jié)構(gòu)，那就是作者提出現(xiàn)象，并緊接著使用提問(wèn)方式過(guò)渡到下文對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行分析和闡述，請(qǐng)注意，作者在分析的過(guò)程使用了，很多過(guò)渡轉(zhuǎn)折詞，譬如First, consequently, also, thereby等等。在第二段中，我們可以通過(guò)末尾句推斷出作者的觀點(diǎn)即：由于白領(lǐng)職業(yè)女性的增加，女性職員比例在各行業(yè)的增加引發(fā)了行業(yè)職業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)移，同時(shí)也導(dǎo)致了工會(huì)決策在解決婦女(權(quán)益)問(wèn)題方面對(duì)女性更加有利。
原則二：判斷作者之態(tài)度，語(yǔ)氣詞匯不可少
既然GMAT閱讀為議論文，那么每一篇文章都會(huì)至少提供一個(gè)到兩個(gè)作者的觀點(diǎn)，作者往往會(huì)通過(guò)語(yǔ)氣詞讓讀者明白和理解其觀點(diǎn)。因此考生在閱讀時(shí)，應(yīng)重點(diǎn)注意那些作為判斷作者態(tài)度的語(yǔ)氣詞匯，必要時(shí)可在紙張上記錄下這些關(guān)鍵詞匯。一般而言，作者的態(tài)度分為兩種，一種是表正面的態(tài)度，一種是表負(fù)面的態(tài)度。
1.表正面：
Charlie's thorough research provides convincing scientific evidence for the existence of ……
For many years, Benjamin's seminal account of the participation of African-Americans in the American Revolution has remained the standard work in the field……
Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies……
2.表負(fù)面：
The manner in which evidence is presented to a jury may influence the jury either to overestimate or to underestimate the value of that evidence…..
Wherever the crime novels of P. D. James are discussed by critics, there is a tendency on the one hand to exaggerate her merits……
Because they emphasize those aspects that accord with their learned experiences and ignore those aspects that are dissonant with their view of the world……
They overestimated the importance of middle class and white-collar unemployment…….
往往作者在闡述某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，采用先揚(yáng)后抑或著說(shuō)是欲擒故縱的手法，這時(shí)候作者就會(huì)使用一些讓步詞來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)其論述目的。這種讓步詞通常包括：do, may, might等等�？忌枰⒁獾氖窃谖恼陆�(jīng)常會(huì)使用改變語(yǔ)氣詞的手段來(lái)蒙蔽你的理解思路，一般而言，作者通常不會(huì)使用兩種模棱兩可，相互矛盾的觀點(diǎn)。
原則三：文章主旨為關(guān)鍵，以主題(TS)領(lǐng)全篇
任何一篇GMAT文章不管看上去多么支離破碎，都會(huì)有一個(gè)引領(lǐng)全篇的思路，在這里我所講的文章思路也就是文章主旨，通常文章會(huì)給出TS(主題句)作為讀者領(lǐng)會(huì)文章的線索，TS可以作為文章的明線，而有時(shí)候作者又會(huì)在文章中穿插暗線。領(lǐng)悟文章主旨會(huì)讓考生在解題時(shí)輕松自如。
As the economic role of multinational, global corporations expands, the international economic environment will be shaped increasingly not by governments or international institutions, but by the interaction between governments and global corporations, especially in the United States, Europe, and Japan. A significant factor in this shifting world economy is the trend toward regional trading blocs of nations, which has a potentially large effect on the evolution of the world trading system. Two examples of this trend are the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and Europe 1992, the move by the European Community (EC) to dismantle impediments to the free flow of goods, services, capital, and labor among member states by the end of 1992. However, although numerous political and economic factors were operative in launching the move to integrate the EC's markets, concern about protectionism within the EC does not appear to have been a major consideration. This is in sharp contrast to the FTA; the overwhelming reason for that bilateral initiative was fear of increasing United States protectionism. Nonetheless, although markedly different in origin and nature, both regional developments are highly significant in that they will foster integration in the two largest and richest markets of the world, as well as provoke questions about the future direction of the world trading system.
上述文章第一句話開宗明義，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全篇：隨著全球跨國(guó)大企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)角色的不斷擴(kuò)大，國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境將日益不受各個(gè)國(guó)家政府或國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)的影響，而是將不斷受到來(lái)自政府間和跨國(guó)企業(yè)間的互動(dòng)影響。作者緊接著通過(guò)對(duì)全球兩大市場(chǎng)——北美市場(chǎng)(北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定)和歐洲市場(chǎng)(歐盟協(xié)議)——進(jìn)行比較分析，得出兩大地區(qū)盡管在某些方面差異巨大，但兩個(gè)地區(qū)的區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展顯的極為重要，作者緊接著提出兩點(diǎn)理由：一，兩者在兩個(gè)市場(chǎng)內(nèi)將會(huì)推進(jìn)市場(chǎng)體系的一體化;二，經(jīng)濟(jì)的一體化將關(guān)系到有關(guān)世貿(mào)制度的未來(lái)方向。
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