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初二語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
英語開始以拉丁字母作為拼寫系統(tǒng)大約是在公元六世紀(jì)盎格魯撒克遜時(shí)代。下面是小編整理的關(guān)于初二語法知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)，歡迎大家參考!
(UNIT1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)
一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"和"未完成用法"
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束，但該動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響，與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。
(動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過去，但說明的是現(xiàn)在的情況--燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)，因此，該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表示不定的過去時(shí)間狀語(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時(shí)間狀語(如：never，ever，once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(如：this morning / month /year...，today等)連用。
例如： Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎?
2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的"未完成用法"指的是動(dòng)作開始于過去某一時(shí)刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來，他一直住在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年，一直住到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開始于5年前，一直延續(xù)至今，有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)
此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(由since或for引導(dǎo))，或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(如：up to now，so far到目前為止)等。
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。
注意：(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞，即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見兩種句型：
�、僦髡Z+have / has been+for短語
�、贗t is+一段時(shí)間+ since從句
例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入團(tuán)已三年了。
3、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞的概念
英語中，動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、動(dòng)作發(fā)生過程的長(zhǎng)短，可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞。
延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
終止性動(dòng)詞也稱非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞或短暫性動(dòng)詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作，這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
4、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法特征
1.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其完成時(shí)態(tài)可與表示"段時(shí)間"的狀語連用。表示"段時(shí)間"的短語有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自從我來到這兒就學(xué)英語了。
2.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與表示短暫時(shí)間的"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"狀語連用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤) rain為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而at eight表示"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"，前后顯然矛盾。如果用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一瞬間的動(dòng)作，可以借助come, begin, get等終止性動(dòng)詞來表示。上句可改為：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：
-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years. -That's right.
5、終止性動(dòng)詞的用法特征
1.終止性動(dòng)詞可用來表示某一動(dòng)作完成，因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：
The train has arrived.火車到了。
Have you joined the computer group? 你加入電腦小組了嗎?
2.終止性動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作極其短暫，不能持續(xù)。因此，不可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用(只限肯定式)。如：
(1)他死了三年了。 誤：He has died for three years.
正：He has been dead for three years. 正：He died three years ago.
正：It is three years since he died. 正：Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他來這兒五天了。 誤：He has come here for five days.
正：He has been here for five days. 正：He came here five days ago.
正：It is five days since he came here. 正：Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動(dòng)詞，不能與表示"段時(shí)間"的狀語連用。那么，應(yīng)如何正確表達(dá)呢?可以采用下面的四種方法：
(1)將句中終止性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達(dá)方式。下面列舉幾例：leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)將句中表示"段時(shí)間"的狀語改為表示過去確定時(shí)間的狀語，如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達(dá)方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段時(shí)間+since..."表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達(dá)方式。
(4)用句型"時(shí)間+has passed+since..."表達(dá)原意，如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達(dá)方式。
3.終止性動(dòng)詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)否定式中，成為可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因而可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如： He hasn't left here since 1986. I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式與until/till連用，構(gòu)成"not+終止性動(dòng)詞+until/till ..."的句型，意為"直到......才......"。如：You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能離開這里。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.
今天晚上直到我畫完畫，我才上床睡覺。
5.終止性動(dòng)詞可以用于when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，但不可以用于while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中。when表示的時(shí)間是"點(diǎn)時(shí)間"(從句謂語動(dòng)詞用終止性動(dòng)詞)，也可以是"段時(shí)間"(從句謂語動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。而while表示的是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間或過程，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如：When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach為終止性動(dòng)詞)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞短語)
6.終止性動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)不可與how long連用(只限于肯定式)。如：
誤：How long have you come here? 正：How long have you been here?
正：When did you come here?
二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別
1. 一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。說話的側(cè)重點(diǎn)只在于陳述一件過去的事情，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)"現(xiàn)在"產(chǎn)生的影響。如：
He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年參觀過桂林。(只說明去桂林的時(shí)間)
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用。如：
Jill has bought a new computer.吉爾買了一臺(tái)新電腦。(著重點(diǎn)是現(xiàn)在有了一臺(tái)新電腦)
3. 兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)分
(1)一般過去時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語基本構(gòu)成是"助動(dòng)詞have /has +過去分詞"。如：The film started at 7 o'clock. He has been a teacher for many years.
(2)一般過去時(shí)通常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等;而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常與just, already, ever, never等副詞和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。
看看以下的幾組句子，有什么區(qū)別?① Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)
[說明] 你看過這部電影嗎?(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問者對(duì)劇情是否了解;(B)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過，并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。
�、� How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B)
[說明]他是怎么做的這件事?(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響;
(B)句單純的詢問做這件事的方式。
�、� He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)
[說明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過8年，現(xiàn)在不在北京了。
三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)例析
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是較難掌握、中考考查較多的時(shí)態(tài)。涉及的考點(diǎn)有：
一、考查其構(gòu)成
"助動(dòng)詞have (has) +動(dòng)詞過去分詞"構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：
1. Kate's never seen Chinese films，____ ? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is she
析：陳述句部分含否定詞never,簡(jiǎn)略問句部分要用肯定式，又因Kate's是Kate has的縮寫，故選B。
2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改為否定句)
His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.
析：already常用在肯定句中，yet常用在否定句、疑問句中，故填hasn't, yet。
3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have
析："so+助/系/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語"結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)與前句結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)詞形式保持一致，又后句的主語為her parents是復(fù)數(shù),故選D。
二、考查其用法與標(biāo)志詞
(一)當(dāng)句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等時(shí)，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：
1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -______you______ your homework yet?
A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished
2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I______
A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed
C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed
析：據(jù)yet和before可知,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故1題選D，2題選D。
(二)當(dāng)句中有"for +段時(shí)間"或"since +點(diǎn)時(shí)間"等時(shí)，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，若是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，要改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表狀態(tài)的詞(短語)。如：
1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.
A. after B. before C. since D. for
析：主句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而從句用的是一般過去時(shí)，故選C。
2. Tom______the CD player for two weeks.
A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had
析：A、B、C均為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，在肯定句中不與表"段時(shí)間"的短語連用，故選D。
3. I______a letter from him since he left.
A. didn't receive B. haven't got C. didn't have D. haven't heard
析：據(jù)since可知，應(yīng)排除A、C，"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意為"收到某人的來信"，故選B。
三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的區(qū)別。如：
1. -Have you ever______Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors? -Yes, I have.
A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to
析：據(jù)句中的have，排除A，B項(xiàng)意為"去某地了"，C項(xiàng)意為"一直呆在某地"，D項(xiàng)意為"去過某地"，符合題意，故選D。
2. My parents ______ Shangdong for ten years.
A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been
析：本題句中有"for+段時(shí)間"結(jié)構(gòu)，據(jù)此可排除C，B項(xiàng)意為"去過某地"，不合題意，D項(xiàng)缺介詞，故選A。
四、考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與其他時(shí)態(tài)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。如：
1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正確的句子)
析：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與"段時(shí)間"連用時(shí)，除了把非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞改成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞外，還可把動(dòng)詞改為一般過去時(shí)或借助句型"It's +段時(shí)間+since+從句"進(jìn)行句子轉(zhuǎn)換。故答案為：Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there.
2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改為同義句)
________more than ten years ____Susan ______to this city.
析：據(jù)上題分析，且since引導(dǎo)的從句要用一般過去時(shí)，故填I(lǐng)t is, since, came。
3. I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.
A. lost B. don't lose C. have lost D. is coming
析：因我丟了票的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，而且對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了我不能參加音樂會(huì)的結(jié)果，符合現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的含意，故選C。
(UNIT2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
(注意when while as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。)
(UNIT3)被動(dòng)語態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)"三步曲"
被動(dòng)語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞語態(tài)的一種形式,表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。在歷年的中考題中,都有一定數(shù)量的考查被動(dòng)語態(tài)的題目。因此,有必要對(duì)被動(dòng)語態(tài)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)。
第一曲:掌握被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)
被動(dòng)語態(tài)由"助動(dòng)詞+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成。不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的差異主要體現(xiàn)在助動(dòng)詞be的變化上,同時(shí)助動(dòng)詞be還要在人稱和數(shù)上與主語保持一致。現(xiàn)將初中階段常見的幾種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)總結(jié)如下:
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):am/is/are+done(指及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞,下同)如:
English is used all over the world.
2.一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):was/were+done如: The picture was painted two years ago.
3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):am/is/are+being+done如: The flowers are being watered by them now.
4.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):have(has)+been+done如:The room has been cleaned.
5.一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài):will/be going to+be+done如: The work will be finished tomorrow.
6.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+done如:Your homework must be handed in today. 其它幾種特殊句型：
It is said that ........ It is well known that ....... It is reported that........
have sth done
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