考研真題閱讀解析

　　Aimlessness hashardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmonyare the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese areseeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago youngpeople were hard-working and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being,but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don tknow where they should go next。

　　The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of womeninto the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agerswho are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbingJapan s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, itwas found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied withschool life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. Inaddition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobsthan did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed。

　　While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics,Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning overcreativity and self-expression。Those things that do not show up in the test scorespersonality,ability, courage or humanity―are completely ignored, says Toshiki Kaifu,chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party s education committee。Frustrationagainst this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild。 Last yearJapan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults onteachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return tothe prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was theneducation minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reformsintroduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ hadweakened the Japanese morality of respect for parents。 But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. In Japan, sayseducator Yoko Muro, it s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life,but only how much you can endure。 With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent ofJapan s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extendedfamily have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households.Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken,the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorcerate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by morethan 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter。

　　23. In the Westerners eyes, the postwar Japan was_____。

　　[A]under aimless development

　　[B]a positive example

　　[C]a rival to the West

　　[D]on the decline

　　24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible forthe moral decline of Japanese society? [A]Women s participation in social activities is limited。

　　[B]More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs。

　　[C]Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics。

　　[D]The life-style has been influenced by Western values。

　　25. Which of the following is true according to the author?

　　[A]Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb thesocial ladder

　　[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning aswell as creativity。

　　[C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity。

　　[D]Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking。

　　26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the factthat____。

　　[A]the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life。

　　[B]the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S。

　　[C]the Japanese endure more than ever before

　　[D]the Japanese appreciate their present life

　　名師解析

　　23. In the Westernerseyes, the postwar Japan was_____.

　　在西方人看來(lái)，戰(zhàn)后的日本是_____。

　　[A]under aimless development 盲目發(fā)展

　　[B]a positive example 一個(gè)積極的例子

　　[C]a rival to the West 西方的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手

　　[D]on the decline 在衰退中

　　【答案】 B 【考點(diǎn)】 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

　　【分析】 文章第一段第一句就指出，盲目性不是戰(zhàn)后日本的特色，它的生產(chǎn)率和社會(huì)的和諧為美國(guó)和歐洲所羨慕。也就是說(shuō)是一個(gè)積極的正面的例子。[A]違反了第一句。[C]選項(xiàng)和[D]選項(xiàng)不是本文談?wù)摰脑掝}。

　　24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for themoral decline of Japanese society?

　　根據(jù)本文作者的觀點(diǎn)，日本社會(huì)道德滑坡的主要原因是什么?

　　[A] Women s participation in social activities is limited. 婦女參加社會(huì)活動(dòng)受到限制。

　　[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs。 越來(lái)越多的工人對(duì)自己的工作感到不滿。

　　[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics。 過(guò)多地注重基礎(chǔ)教育。

　　[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values。 生活方式受西方價(jià)值觀的影響。

　　【答案】 D 【考點(diǎn)】 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

　　【分析】 文中第一段指出日本人正在逐漸經(jīng)歷傳統(tǒng)工作道德價(jià)值觀的日益滑坡，說(shuō)十年前，年輕人工作努力，將工作看作是生存的重要?jiǎng)恿�，但是，日本目前在很大程度上滿足了其經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要，年輕人反而不知道下一步的發(fā)展目標(biāo)了。具體提到道德滑坡是在第三段，文中提到校園暴力，提到保守黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在力圖重新重視戰(zhàn)前那種道德教育，Mitsuo Setoyama更是冒出驚人之語(yǔ)，他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為二戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)占領(lǐng)當(dāng)局引進(jìn)的自由改革削弱了日本人尊敬父母的道德觀。而在下文，作者更是直接提出，但是，這可能和日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大。人們已經(jīng)拋棄了社區(qū)和大家庭，而更加喜歡單門獨(dú)戶的兩代人構(gòu)成的家庭，舊的集體和家庭價(jià)值觀被削弱。由此可見(jiàn)，本題的答案就是[D]選項(xiàng)。

　　25. Which of the following is true according to the author?

　　在作者看來(lái)，以下哪一個(gè)是正確的?

　　[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb thesocial ladder。 日本的教育受人稱道，因?yàn)樗�有助于年輕人攀登社會(huì)階梯。

　　[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning aswell as creativity。 日本教育的特點(diǎn)就是既有機(jī)械性的學(xué)習(xí)又有創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)。

　　[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity。 應(yīng)該更加強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)上。

　　[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking。 輟學(xué)導(dǎo)致了對(duì)應(yīng)試的挫折感。

　　【答案】 C 【考點(diǎn)】 作者觀點(diǎn)題。

　　【分析】 [A]說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槿毡镜慕逃�受到外�?guó)人贊賞的原因是它強(qiáng)調(diào)整礎(chǔ)教育。[B]說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槲闹刑岬剿鼜?qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械學(xué)習(xí)而不是創(chuàng)造性和自我表現(xiàn)。[C]是正確的，因?yàn)槲闹刑岬剿鼜?qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械學(xué)習(xí)超過(guò)創(chuàng)造性和自我表現(xiàn)。那些在考分中不能體現(xiàn)的東西個(gè)性、能力、勇氣或人性完全被忽視了，執(zhí)政的自民黨教育委員會(huì)主席Toshiki Kaifu說(shuō)，這類事情造成的挫折致使孩子輟學(xué)以及變得狂野，這說(shuō)明日本應(yīng)該更加強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)。[D]的.說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槲闹姓f(shuō)這類事情造成的挫折致使孩子輟學(xué)以及變得狂野，該選項(xiàng)故意混淆了原因和結(jié)果。

　　26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the factthat____.

　　日本人生活方式的變化體現(xiàn)在下面的一個(gè)事實(shí)中。

　　[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life 年輕人對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中困苦的忍受力下降

　　[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S。 日本的離婚率超過(guò)美國(guó)的

　　[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before 日本人忍受的東西比以前更多了

　　[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life 日本人欣賞他們目前的生活

　　【答案】 A 【考點(diǎn)】 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

　　【分析】 文中提到教育家YokoMuro。他說(shuō)在日本，你喜歡不喜歡自己的工作和生活，這從來(lái)都不是問(wèn)題，問(wèn)題是你有多大的承受力。然后在最后一段里面提到家庭結(jié)構(gòu)的改變，舊的集體和家庭價(jià)值觀的削弱，人們的不滿凸現(xiàn)。也就是說(shuō)日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，現(xiàn)在年輕的日本人覺(jué)得這種犧牲太大，對(duì)此產(chǎn)生了逆反情緒。因此可以判定日本人的生活方式的變化體現(xiàn)年輕人對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的困苦忍受力下降。[B]的說(shuō)法是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)第四段最后一句，日本人的離婚率仍然低于美國(guó)人的。[C]在文中找不到很據(jù)。[D]可以根據(jù)最近一次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)只有24.5%的日本學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校生活完全滿意，相比之下，美國(guó)學(xué)生的比例是62.7%。此外，與被調(diào)查的其他10個(gè)國(guó)家的工人相比，對(duì)自身工作表示不滿的日本工人多得多進(jìn)行排除。

　　難句解析：

　　The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of womeninto the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagerswho are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbingJapans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs。

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)。一個(gè)是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom另外一個(gè)是anentry of women into the male-dominated job market。謂語(yǔ)是have limited。賓語(yǔ)是theopportunities of teen-agers。who引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾賓語(yǔ)。involved in climbing Japans rigid socialladder to good schools and jobs是personal sacrifices的后置定語(yǔ)。

　　Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister,raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the Americanoccupation authorities after World War II had weakened the Japanesemorality of respect for parents。

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主句結(jié)構(gòu)是Mitsuo Setoyama raised eyebrows。插入語(yǔ)who was theneducation minister是主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)，when引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，that引導(dǎo)的從句做argued的賓語(yǔ)，該賓語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)是liberal reforms，謂語(yǔ)是had weakened，賓語(yǔ)是theJapanese morality of respect for parents，introducedby the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberalreforms的定語(yǔ)。

　　全文翻譯：

　　盲目性不是戰(zhàn)后日本的特色，它的生產(chǎn)率和社會(huì)的和諧為美國(guó)和歐洲所羨慕。但是，日本人正在逐漸經(jīng)歷傳統(tǒng)工作道德價(jià)值觀的日益滑坡。10年前，日本年輕人工作勤奮，將工作視為他們存在的主要理由，但如今日本基本上已經(jīng)滿足了其經(jīng)濟(jì)需求，年輕人卻不知道他們隨后該去何方。 戰(zhàn)后嬰兒出生高峰期出生的人已到成年，以及婦女進(jìn)入男性主宰的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)，限制了青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，這些青少年已經(jīng)開(kāi)始質(zhì)疑攀登日本等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的社會(huì)階梯以求進(jìn)好學(xué)校，找好工作中付出的沉重的個(gè)人犧牲是否值得。最近一次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)只有24.5%的日本學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校生活完全滿意，相比之下，美國(guó)學(xué)生的比例是62.7%。此外，與被調(diào)查的其他10個(gè)國(guó)家的工人相比，對(duì)自身工作表示不滿的日本工人多得多。 雖然日本的教育因強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)而經(jīng)常受到外國(guó)人的贊揚(yáng)，但是它強(qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械學(xué)習(xí)而不是創(chuàng)造性和自我表現(xiàn)。那些在考分中不能體現(xiàn)的東西個(gè)性、能力、勇氣或人性完全被忽視了，執(zhí)政的自民黨教育委員會(huì)主席Toshiki Kaifu說(shuō)，這類事情造成的挫折致使孩子輟學(xué)以及變得狂野。去年日本發(fā)生了2,125起校園暴力事件，其中包括929起襲擊老師事件。在抗議聲中，許多保守黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在力圖重新重視戰(zhàn)前那種道德教育;去年，時(shí)任教育大臣的Mitsuo Setoyama就冒出驚人之語(yǔ)，他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為二戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)占領(lǐng)當(dāng)局引進(jìn)的自由改革削弱了日本人尊敬父母的道德觀。 但是，這可能和日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大。教育家 Yoko Muro說(shuō)在日本，你喜歡不喜歡自己的工作和生活，這從來(lái)都不是問(wèn)題，問(wèn)題是你有多大的承受力。經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)伴隨著人口的集中，在日本1.19億人當(dāng)中，76%的人住在城市，在那里，人們已經(jīng)拋棄了社區(qū)和大家庭，而更加喜歡單門獨(dú)戶的兩代人構(gòu)成的家庭。日本的城里人長(zhǎng)期忍受著漫長(zhǎng)的上下班來(lái)回路程和擁擠的居住條件，但是隨著舊的集體和家庭價(jià)值觀的削弱，人們的不滿開(kāi)始顯現(xiàn)。在過(guò)去10年中，日本的離婚率雖然仍遠(yuǎn)在美國(guó)之下，但是也已經(jīng)上升了50%，而自殺則上升了近1/4。

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