高考英語閱讀題技巧
高考英語閱讀理解能力是高考考查的重點,自始至終占著主導(dǎo)地位,并且有逐年增加的趨勢?梢院敛豢鋸埖卣f,做好閱讀理解題,是獲得高考英語高分的關(guān)鍵!
我們可將閱讀理解歸納為以下四大題型,根據(jù)閱讀理解題考查角度的不同,可采用不同的解題技巧來應(yīng)付。
、.事實細(xì)節(jié)題
屬于細(xì)節(jié)類型的閱讀理解題一般只針對某個特定的細(xì)節(jié),題型可以多種多樣。此類題型一般分兩種。第一種是直接理解題,在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二種是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題,正確選項是原文有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換。做此類試題一定要抓住事件發(fā)生的時間、地點、人物、發(fā)展過程和結(jié)局等環(huán)節(jié),所選答案一定要符合原文,切不可望文生義。這類題型的主要提問方式常為:
、賅hich of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?
、赪hich of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?
、踂hich is the right order of the events given in the passage?
、蹵ll the following statements are NOT true except .
細(xì)節(jié)題的破解一般采用尋讀法,即先看試題,再讀文章。對有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位,再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對比,有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項,選出正確答案。此法加強(qiáng)了閱讀的針對性,提高了做題的準(zhǔn)確率,節(jié)省了寶貴的時間。尋讀法還特別適用于對圖形表格類題材的理解。做此類型的題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系。英語中有許多功能詞,如:表因果關(guān)系的because,since, as等;表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。
Ⅱ.猜測詞義題
在高考閱讀題中,考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個:一是被已認(rèn)識的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導(dǎo);二是被完全不認(rèn)識的單詞的意思所阻礙,從而出現(xiàn)理解偏差或理解困難,影響閱讀的速度。其實解決這兩個困難的一個重要法寶是考生在心目中樹立起上下文觀念,要學(xué)會"順藤摸瓜",通過構(gòu)詞,語法,定義,同位,對比,因果,常識,上下文等線索確定詞義。在閱讀解題時要注意從以下七個方面著手:
1)根據(jù)定義或解釋、說明猜測生詞的詞義
在be,be called,call等判斷詞出現(xiàn)的判斷句中,或定語從句及標(biāo)點符號,可以根據(jù)已知部分,猜測生詞的含義。例如: The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通過理解定語從句的意思,能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。
2)根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測生詞的詞義
在but,however,yet,otherwise,though這些表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞出現(xiàn)的句子中,其前后的詞有明顯的對比關(guān)系,根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容,通過這種對比關(guān)系,就很容易猜出生詞的.詞義了。例如:
Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.和clean意思相對的便是“骯臟的”了,因此可猜出句中g(shù)rubby的意思是“骯臟的”
3)通過因果關(guān)系猜測詞義
because,since與as是連接原因狀語從句的從屬連詞,so是連接表示結(jié)果的狀語從句的連詞,so...that與such...that中的that是連接結(jié)果狀語從句的。當(dāng)這些信息詞出現(xiàn)在有生詞的句子中,通過因果關(guān)系,依據(jù)已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。例如:She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.
根據(jù)because從句所講的意思,我們就可推測trim就是“修剪”之意。
4)根據(jù)生活常識猜測詞義
運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力,自身的生活經(jīng)驗及生活常識。再聯(lián)系上下文能讀懂的部分,可以正確猜出詞義。例如:Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根據(jù)句子意思及生活經(jīng)驗,wither表示“枯萎”。
5)根據(jù)同等關(guān)系猜測詞義
同等關(guān)系,指的是一個詞,一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分,而且它們的詞義都屬于同一范疇。明顯的標(biāo)志是,這樣的詞組或短語中間常常用并列連詞and或or來連接。例如:
At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy.從“年齡42歲”以及與prime具有同等關(guān)系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年時期”。
6)根據(jù)列舉的事例猜測詞義
You can take any of the periodicals: “The World of English”. “Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”, or “English Learning”.
從后面列舉的例子中,可以猜出periodical是“期刊,雜志”的意思。
7)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識猜測詞義
根據(jù)學(xué)過的構(gòu)詞法知識,知道詞根和前綴或后綴的意義,就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。例如在2006年福建的高考題文章中有這樣一句:
The schools are reluctant to take off — even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.
kind B. unwilling C. free D. careless
通過破折號可知正確答案為B.
、.推理判斷題
做這類題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語篇的同時,又要求學(xué)生對作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的推理判斷,力求從作者的角度去考慮,不要固守自己的看法或觀點。不要主觀臆斷,憑空想象,任意發(fā)揮,而走入誤區(qū)。學(xué)生要學(xué)會運(yùn)用主題句去推測、揣摩文字背后作者的意圖,運(yùn)用歸納、對比、演繹技能,運(yùn)用背景知識去挖掘文章深層含義,從而正確理解作者的言外之意,同時認(rèn)真體會文章的語氣與感情基調(diào)(如:否定、厭惡、反問、諷刺等)。這類試題常以如下句式發(fā)問:
①What can you conclude/ imply from this passage?
、赪hat’s the author’s attitude(態(tài)度)towards...?
、踂e can infer /learn from the passage that...
如: Once there was something wrong with a machine in a factory. The workers could do nothing but turn to a German engineer for help, who drew a line on it and said, “Take off the part where the line is and change it for a new one. ”The machine, with a new line on, began running well again. The engineer then asked for $ 30,000 for what he had done. The following were what he wrote on a bill,“The new part only costs one dollar, and knowing where the problem with the machine is costs $ 29,999.”
Q: What can you conclude from this passage?
A. the engineer asked for too much money
B. the workers should pay the money
C. the knowledge is worth money
D. the new part could cost more
這篇短文是作者講的一個故事,那么通過這個故事我們可以判斷出什么呢?雖然作者沒有言明,但是我們可以斷定,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題的所在需要智慧和知識,知識是創(chuàng)造價值的源泉,因此此題的正確答案應(yīng)為C。
、.主旨大意題
這種題型要求考生能夠把握文章的總體,并真正理解主題和中心;要求能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法解題,難度較大,屬于高層次題。一般主旨大意題可以分為兩類:
1.確定文章的標(biāo)題和主題(title or topic)
標(biāo)題位于文章之首,用來高度概括文章內(nèi)容,點明文章主題。它可以是單詞,短語,也可以是句子。要確定文章標(biāo)題,首先,要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上,考慮標(biāo)題是否與主題密切相關(guān);其次,看標(biāo)題是否能概括全文內(nèi)容。不能只概括短文中的某些事實或細(xì)節(jié);然后,要注意標(biāo)題范圍不應(yīng)太大或太小;最后,標(biāo)題應(yīng)簡練并能吸引讀者。即:1、獨特新穎
2、概括性強(qiáng) 3、短小精煉。
常見的標(biāo)題型題干:
1) The best title/ headline for this passage might be________.
2) The text (passage) could be entitled ______.
3) What is the best title for the passage?
4) What’s the topic of the article?
如:In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商業(yè)性的)success.
Q: The text is mainly about________.
A. Lexico B. Three men C . A word game D. Alfred Butts.
【解題思路】答案A 和C以偏概全。因此此題的正確答案應(yīng)為D。
2. 主題句(topic sentence)及主旨大意(main idea)的概括
一篇文章一般表達(dá)一個中心內(nèi)容或主題。這個中心內(nèi)容或主題通常用一個句子來概括。此句叫做主題句。一般來說,說明文和議論文都有主題句,而且多位于文章的開頭,有時也位于文章的中間或末尾。但有時不能在文中直接找到主題句
要求讀者把握每段的主題句,弄清段于段之間邏輯關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上自己歸納總結(jié)。主題句必須能簡潔明了地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容,具有高度的綜合性和概括性。文章或段落的其他句子都是對主題句的進(jìn)一步解釋,說明,論證或擴(kuò)展.
常見的主題句和主旨型題干:
1) What is the topic sentence of the passage?
2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________.
3) Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage?
4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?
如:Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida. Q: What is the main idea of the passage? ____
A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.
B. Bingham is a diligent student.
C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.
D. A good lawyer needs good education.
【解題思路】
此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句,只陳述了四個細(xì)節(jié)(detail)性的事實。因此就答案本身看,個個都對。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來,進(jìn)行邏輯推理,才能構(gòu)成一個沒有言明的主題思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況,即作者想告訴我們的是:Joshua Bingham接受過良好的教育,所以答案是 C。
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