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信用證的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)種類及其防范措施

時(shí)間:2022-03-31 09:14:47 本科畢業(yè)論文 我要投稿

信用證的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)種類及其防范措施

  快速變化和不斷變革的今天,措施在生活中的使用越來越廣泛,措施是一個(gè)漢語詞語,意思是針對(duì)某種情況而采取的處理辦法。那么擬定措施真的很難嗎?以下是小編幫大家整理的信用證的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)種類及其防范措施,希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。

  一、信用證的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來源

  信用證本身具有很多獨(dú)特的性質(zhì),常為不法商人行騙冒假所利用。首先是信用證的“嚴(yán)格一致”原則,具體說就是要受益人做到“ 單證一致”和“單單一致”。同時(shí),開證行不用核對(duì)受益人提示單據(jù)的真?zhèn),只要文字一致,那么就?gòu)成合格的單據(jù)提示,這種盲目的一致性給開證申請(qǐng)人帶來了風(fēng) 險(xiǎn)。其次是信用證的“獨(dú)立性”原則。根據(jù)《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例(2007修訂本) 《UCP600》的規(guī)定,銀行“須審核交單,并僅基于單據(jù)本身確定其是否在表面上構(gòu)成相符交單”。信用證在開證行、保兌行與信用證受益人之間形成了一個(gè)獨(dú) 立的合同,其獨(dú)立性表現(xiàn)在它完全不同于受益人與信用證開證申請(qǐng)人之間的主合同。

  信用證方式有三個(gè)特點(diǎn):一是信用證不依附于買賣合同,銀行在審單時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是信用證與基礎(chǔ)貿(mào)易相分離的書面形式上的認(rèn)證。二是信用證是憑單付款,不以貨物為準(zhǔn)。只要單據(jù)相符,開證行就應(yīng)無條件付款。三是信用證是一種銀行信用,它是銀行的一種擔(dān)保文件.

  二、信用證的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)種類及其防范措施

  1.合同、單據(jù)與信用證不符的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

  合同、單據(jù)與信用證不符應(yīng)屬在信用證支付中較易形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。受益方常遇的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有以下幾種:

  (1)買方故意給賣方設(shè)置障礙,蓄意在信用證中增添一些難以履行的條件,如裝運(yùn)方式與交貨期限相互矛盾,或者設(shè)置一些陷阱,作為日后拒付的理由。

  (2)因受益方需以信用證為依據(jù)來提交單據(jù),某些買方蓄意要求不易獲得的單據(jù),使受益方根本無法履行,以此方式遮掩買方不愿履行合同,而將責(zé)任推給受益方。

  (3)在 國際貿(mào)易 中,各國文化法律的差異是不可避免的,在設(shè)立信用證條款時(shí)極易遇與買方法律規(guī)定不符的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如各國銀行對(duì)D/P與D/A的認(rèn)識(shí)有的時(shí)候會(huì)出現(xiàn)不一致。

  防范措施:

  所謂“害人之心不可有,防人之心不可無”,為了避免以上風(fēng)險(xiǎn),受益方必須做好預(yù)防措施,以免造成不可彌補(bǔ)的損失。審證是受益方防止風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的第一 道防線,因此要做到認(rèn)真仔細(xì),對(duì)內(nèi)容檢查,進(jìn)行邏輯分析,不放過任何字誤。賣方應(yīng)重點(diǎn)審查的事項(xiàng)有:信用證的金額與貨幣;商品的品質(zhì)、規(guī)格、數(shù)量、包裝等 條款;信用證規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)期、有效期和到期地點(diǎn),要求提供單據(jù)的種類和份數(shù)及填制方法;信用證中的特殊條款等。

  針對(duì)“單證不一致”風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的防范與補(bǔ)救:

  買賣雙方往往因?yàn)榻?jīng)驗(yàn)不足,在訂立合同時(shí),不能夠做到面面俱到,常常出現(xiàn)遺漏重要條款的可能性,買方會(huì)在開立信用證是假劣條款,但是卻疏于通 知賣方,使得賣方處于被動(dòng)地位。同時(shí),開立信用證是建立在買方向開征銀行交付一定抵押擔(dān)保金的基礎(chǔ)上的,如果賣方需要修改信用證,就會(huì)耽誤交易日期,國際 市場上的匯率、利率不斷變化,會(huì)增加買方的.風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)銀行會(huì)加收手續(xù)費(fèi)。這對(duì)雙方都有很大的、風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因此,要盡量規(guī)避“ 單證不一致”的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

  2.買方蓄意欺詐

  較合同、單據(jù)與信用證不符的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來看,買方蓄意欺詐會(huì)給受益方帶來更大的損失。信用證欺詐指在信用證交易過程中的當(dāng)事人,就信用證本身及信用 證交易中的某個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),故意告知對(duì)方虛假情況,或故意隱瞞真實(shí)情況,從而使相對(duì)人遭受財(cái)產(chǎn)損失或使其財(cái)產(chǎn)安全受到威脅并使自己從中獲取不法利益的不法行為。 買方欺詐是其中一種。由于在國際貿(mào)易中總會(huì)有一些買家想少付款甚至不付款而獲得貨物,就出現(xiàn)了開證申請(qǐng)人自謀的信用證欺詐行為。主要形式有:開證申請(qǐng)人偽 造、變?cè)煨庞米C的欺詐、買方開證時(shí)在信用證的條款中加人“軟條款”、“可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證”欺詐以及開證申請(qǐng)人利用1/3提單的欺詐等.

  買方該類欺詐,既涉及到出口方,又涉及出口銀行,對(duì)一國的出口貿(mào)易有很大影響。因此,出口方及其銀行要對(duì)這類風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行嚴(yán)密積極的應(yīng)對(duì)。首先, 出口方銀行必須認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)地核驗(yàn)信用證的真實(shí)性,并掌握開證行的資信情況。如發(fā)現(xiàn)任何疑點(diǎn),應(yīng)進(jìn)行及時(shí)的咨詢。出口方對(duì)于貿(mào)易伙伴的選擇也應(yīng)極其慎重,要有 自己的一套原則,不能盲目聽信他人,嚴(yán)格認(rèn)真對(duì)待合作前的資信調(diào)查,如果可以,最好派公司成員進(jìn)行實(shí)地調(diào)查,以免遇到“空頭”公司。即便簽訂了合同,也要 對(duì)于買方抱有懷疑態(tài)度,認(rèn)真審核信用證,銀行側(cè)重審來證得有效性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性,出口方應(yīng)注意信用證的條款內(nèi)容,防止與合同條款不符。

  3.軟條款陷阱

  所謂“軟條款”,是指可能導(dǎo)致開證行解除不可撤銷信用證項(xiàng)下付款責(zé)任的條款,開證申請(qǐng)人在申請(qǐng)開立信用證時(shí),故意設(shè)置若干隱蔽性的陷阱條款, 以便在信用證運(yùn)作中置受益人于完全被動(dòng)的境地,而開證申請(qǐng)人或開證行則可以隨時(shí)將受益人置于陷阱,而以單據(jù)不符為由解除信用證項(xiàng)下的付款責(zé)任。軟條款主要 表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面:

  (1)信用證條款自身相互矛盾,如運(yùn)輸方式要求與使用貿(mào)易術(shù)語不符。

  (2)信用證暫時(shí)不生效,何時(shí)生效由銀行另行通知。

  (3)有關(guān)運(yùn)輸事項(xiàng)如船名裝船日期裝卸港等須以申請(qǐng)人修改后的通知為準(zhǔn)。

  對(duì)于“軟條款”信用證的規(guī)定,法律和相關(guān)規(guī)定上仍有缺失,雖說《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》不鼓勵(lì)此類信用證的開立,但是,一旦開立,當(dāng)事人雙方仍要嚴(yán)格遵守,因此,對(duì)于賣方事先發(fā)現(xiàn)并取消此類條款變得極其重要。針對(duì)不同條款,應(yīng)采取不同措施。

  (1)針對(duì)國際貿(mào)易 術(shù)語 選擇中的軟條款。應(yīng)采取刪除、或在合同中直接規(guī)定派船時(shí)間、船公司、船名、裝運(yùn)期、目的港等方法。

  (2)針對(duì)信用證生效附加條件的軟條款。可以與進(jìn)口商協(xié)商規(guī)定一個(gè)通知信用證是否生效的日期最后期限,以保證交易的順利進(jìn)行。

  (3)針對(duì)“客檢條款”。如果對(duì)方不是資信良好的老客戶,或是在交易過程中確實(shí)是以此條款確保質(zhì)量關(guān)的客戶,應(yīng)堅(jiān)決拒絕受此條款。

  信用證撤銷申請(qǐng)書

________銀行:

  我公司已辦妥一切進(jìn)口手續(xù),現(xiàn)請(qǐng)貴行按我公司開證申請(qǐng)書內(nèi)容開出不可撤銷跟單信用證,為此我公司愿不可撤銷地承擔(dān)有關(guān)責(zé)任如下:

  一、我公司同意貴行依照國際商會(huì)第500號(hào)出版物《跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例》辦理該信用證項(xiàng)下一切事宜,并同意承擔(dān)由此產(chǎn)生的一切責(zé)任。

  二、我公司保證按時(shí)向貴行支付該證項(xiàng)下的貨款、手續(xù)費(fèi)、利息及一切費(fèi)用等(包括國外受益人拒絕承擔(dān)的有關(guān)銀行費(fèi)用)所需的外匯和人民幣資金。

  三、我公司保證在貴行單到通知書中規(guī)定的期限之內(nèi)通知貴行辦理對(duì)外付款/承兌,否則貴行可認(rèn)為我公司已接受單據(jù),同意付款/承兌。

  四、我公司保證在單證表面相符的條件下辦理有關(guān)付款/承兌手續(xù)。如因單證有不符之處而拒絕付款/承兌,我公司保證在貴行單到通知書中規(guī)定的日期之前將全套單據(jù)如數(shù)退還貴行并附書面拒付理由,由貴行按國際慣例確定能否對(duì)外拒付。如貴行確定我公司所提拒付理由不成立,或雖然拒付理由成立,但我公司未能退回全套單據(jù),或拒付單據(jù)退到貴行已超過單到通知書中規(guī)定的期限,貴行有權(quán)主動(dòng)辦理對(duì)外付款/承兌,并從我公司帳戶中扣款。

  五、該信用證及其項(xiàng)下業(yè)務(wù)往來函電及單據(jù)如因郵、電或其它方式傳遞過程中發(fā)生遺失、延誤、錯(cuò)漏,貴行當(dāng)不負(fù)責(zé)。

  六、該信用證如需修改、由我公司向貴行提出書面申請(qǐng),由貴行根據(jù)具體情況確定能否辦理修改。我公司確認(rèn)所有修改當(dāng)由信用證受益人接受時(shí)才能生效。

  七、我公司在收到貴行開出的信用證、修改書副本后,保證及時(shí)與原申請(qǐng)書核對(duì),如有不符之處,保證在接到副本之日起,兩個(gè)工作日內(nèi)通知貴行。如未通知,當(dāng)視為正確無誤。

  八、如因申請(qǐng)書字跡不清或詞意含混而引起的一切后果由我公司負(fù)責(zé)。

  開證申請(qǐng)人:_________

  (簽字蓋章)

  日期:_________年____月____日

  信用證用語摘抄

  信用證(L/C)用語大全(下)

  Certificate of Origin

  1.certificate of origin of China showing 中國產(chǎn)地證明書 stating 證明 evidencing 列明 specifying 說明 indicating 表明 declaration of 聲明

  2.certificate of Chinese origin 中國產(chǎn)地證明書

  3.Certificate of origin shipment of goods of … origin prohibited 產(chǎn)地證,不允許裝運(yùn)……的產(chǎn)品

  4.declaration of origin 產(chǎn)地證明書(產(chǎn)地生明)

  5.certificate of origin separated 單獨(dú)出具的產(chǎn)地證

  6.certificate of origin “form A” “格式A”產(chǎn)地證明書

  7.genetalised system of preference certificate of origin form “A” 普惠制格式“A”產(chǎn)地證明書

  Packing List and Weight List

  1.packing list deatiling the complete inner packing specification and contents of each package

  載明每件貨物之內(nèi)部包裝的規(guī)格和內(nèi)容的裝箱單

  2.packing list detailing… 詳注……的裝箱單

  3.packing list showing in detail… 注明……細(xì)節(jié)的裝箱單

  4.weight list 重量單

  5.weight notes 磅碼單(重量單)

  6.detailed weight list 明細(xì)重量單

  Other Documents

  1. full tet of forwarding agents' cargo receipt 全套運(yùn)輸行所出具之貨物承運(yùn)收據(jù)

  2.a(chǎn)ir way bill for goods condigned to…quoting our credit number 以……為收貨人,注明本證號(hào)碼的空運(yùn)貨單

  3.parcel post receipt 郵包收據(jù)

  4.Parcel post receipt showing parcels addressed to…a/c accountee 郵包收據(jù)注明收件人:通過……轉(zhuǎn)交開證人

  5.parcel post receipt evidencing goods condigned to…and quoting our credit number 以……為收貨人并注明本證號(hào)碼的郵包收據(jù)

  6.certificate customs invoice on form 59A combined certificate of value and origin for developing countries 適用于發(fā)展中國家的包括價(jià)值和產(chǎn)地證明書的格式59A海關(guān)發(fā)票證明書

  7.pure foods certificate 純食品證書

  8.combined certificate of value and Chinese origin 價(jià)值和中國產(chǎn)地聯(lián)合證明書

  9.a(chǎn) declaration in terms of FORM 5 of New Zealand forest produce import and export and regultions 1966 or a declaration FORM the exporter to the effect that no timber has been used in the packing of the goods, either declaration may be included on certified customs invoice 依照1966年新西蘭林木產(chǎn)品進(jìn)出口法格式5條款的聲明或出口人關(guān)于貨物非用木器包裝的實(shí)績聲明,該聲明也可以在海關(guān)發(fā)票中作出證明

  10.Canadian custtoms invoice(revised form)all signed in ink showing fair market value in currency of country of export 用出口國貨幣標(biāo)明本國市場售價(jià),并進(jìn)行筆簽的加拿大海關(guān)發(fā)票(修訂格式)

  11.Canadian import declaration form 111 fully signed and completed 完整簽署和填寫的格式111加拿大進(jìn)口聲明書

  The Stipulation for Shipping Terms

  1. loading port and destinaltion裝運(yùn)港與目的港

  (1)despatch/shipment from Chinese port to… 從中國港口發(fā)送/裝運(yùn)往……

 。2)evidencing shipment from China to…CFR by steamer in transit Saudi Arabia not later than 15th July, 1987 of the goods specified below 列明下面的貨物按成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)價(jià)格用輪船不得遲于1987年7月15日從中國通過沙特阿拉伯裝運(yùn)到……

  2.date of shipment 裝船期

  (1)bills of lading must be dated not later than August 15, 1987 提單日期不得遲于1987年8月15日

 。2)shipment must be effected not later than(or on)July 30,1987 貨物不得遲于(或于)1987年7月30日裝運(yùn)

 。3)shipment latest date… 最遲裝運(yùn)日期:……

  (4)evidencing shipment/despatch on or before… 列明貨物在…年…月…日或在該日以前裝運(yùn)/發(fā)送

 。5)from China port to … not later than 31st August, 1987 不遲于1987年8月31日從中國港口至……

  3.partial shipments and transhipment 分運(yùn)與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)

  (1)partial shipments are (not) permitted (不)允許分運(yùn)

 。2)partial shipments (are) allowed (prohibited) 準(zhǔn)許(不準(zhǔn))分運(yùn)

 。3)without transhipment 不允許轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)

 。4)transhipment at Hongkong allowed 允許在香港轉(zhuǎn)船

 。5)partial shipments are permissible, transhipment is allowed except at… 允許分運(yùn),除在……外允許轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)

  (6)partial/prorate shipments are perimtted 允許分運(yùn)/按比例裝運(yùn)

 。7)transhipment are permitted at any port against, through B/lading 憑聯(lián)運(yùn)提單允許在任何港口轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)

  Date & Address of Expiry

  1. valid in…for negotiation until… 在……議付至……止

  2.draft(s) must be presented to the negotiating(or drawee)bank not later than… 匯票不得遲于……交議付行(受票行)

  3.expiry date for presention of documents… 交單滿期日

  4.draft(s) must be negotiated not later than… 匯票要不遲于……議付

  5.this L/C is valid for negotiation in China (or your port) until 15th, July 1977 本證于1977年7月15日止在中國議付有效

  6.bills of exchange must be negotiated within 15 days from the date of bills of lading but not later than August 8, 1977 匯票須在提單日起15天內(nèi)議付,但不得遲于1977年8月8日

  7.this credit remains valid in China until 23rd May, 1977(inclusive) 本證到1977年5月23日為止,包括當(dāng)日在內(nèi)在中國有效

  8.expiry date August 15, 1977 in country of beneficiary for negotiation 于1977年8月15日在受益人國家議付期滿

  9.draft(s) drawn under this credit must be presented for negoatation in China on or before 30th August, 1977 根據(jù)本證項(xiàng)下開具的匯票須在1977年8月30日或該日前在中國交單議付

  10.this credit shall cease to be available for negotiation of beneficairy's drafts after 15th August, 1977 本證將在1977年8月15日以后停止議付受益人之匯票

  11.expiry date 15th August, 1977 in the country of the beneficiary unless otherwise 除非另有規(guī)定,(本證)于1977年8月15日受益人國家滿期

  12.draft(s) drawn under this credit must be negotiation in China on or before August 12, 1977 after which date this credit expires 憑本證項(xiàng)下開具的匯票要在1977年8月12日或該日以前在中國議付,該日以后本證失效

  13.expiry (expiring) date… 滿期日……

  14.…if negotiation on or before… 在……日或該日以前議付

  15.negoation must be on or before the 15th day of shipment 自裝船日起15天或之前議付

  16.this credit shall remain in force until 15th August 197 in China 本證到1977年8月15日為止在中國有效

  17.the credit is available for negotiation or payment abroad until… 本證在國外議付或付款的日期到……為止

  18.documents to be presented to negotiation bank within 15 days after shipment 單據(jù)需在裝船后15天內(nèi)交給議付行

  19.documents must be presented for negotiation within…days after the on board date of bill of lading/after the date of issuance of forwarding agents' cargo receipts 單據(jù)需在已裝船提單/運(yùn)輸行簽發(fā)之貨物承運(yùn)收據(jù)日期后……天內(nèi)提示議付

  The Guarantee of the Opening Bank

  1. we hereby engage with you that all drafts drawn under and in compliance with the terms of this credit will be duly honored 我行保證及時(shí)對(duì)所有根據(jù)本信用證開具、并與其條款相符的匯票兌付

  2.we undertake that drafts drawn and presented in conformity with the terms of this credit will be duly honoured 開具并交出的匯票,如與本證的條款相符,我行保證依時(shí)付款

  3.we hereby engage with the drawers, endorsers and bona-fide holders of draft(s) drawn under and in compliance with the terms of the credit that such draft(s) shall be duly honoured on due presentation and delivery of documents as specified (if drawn and negotiated with in the validity date of this credit) 凡根據(jù)本證開具與本證條款相符的匯票,并能按時(shí)提示和交出本證規(guī)定的單據(jù),我行保證對(duì)出票人、背書人和善意持有人承擔(dān)付款責(zé)任(須在本證有效期內(nèi)開具匯票并議付)

  4.provided such drafts are drawn and presented in accordance with the terms of this credit, we hereby engage with the drawers, endorsors and bona-fide holders that the said drafts shall be duly honoured on presentation 凡根據(jù)本證的條款開具并提示匯票,我們擔(dān)保對(duì)其出票人、背書人和善意持有人在交單時(shí)承兌付款

  5.we hereby undertake to honour all drafts drawn in accordance with the terms of this credit 所有按照本條款開具的匯票,我行保證兌付

  In Reimbursement

  1.instruction to the negotiation bank 議付行注意事項(xiàng)

 。1)the amount and date of negotiation of each draft must be endorsed on reverse hereof by the negotiation bank 每份匯票的議付金額和日期必須由議付行在本證背面簽注

  (2)this copy of credit is for your own file, please deliver the attached original to the beneficaries 本證副本供你行存檔,請(qǐng)將隨附之正本遞交給受益人

 。3)without you confirmation thereon (本證)無需你行保兌

 。4)documents must be sent by consecutive airmails 單據(jù)須分別由連續(xù)航次郵寄(注:即不要將兩套或數(shù)套單據(jù)同一航次寄出)

 。5)all original documents are to be forwarded to us by air mail and duplicate documents by sea-mail 全部單據(jù)的正本須用航郵,副本用平郵寄交我行

 。6)please despatch the first set of documents including three copies of commercial invoices direct to us by registered airmail and the second set by following airmail 請(qǐng)將包括3份商業(yè)發(fā)票在內(nèi)的第一套單據(jù)用掛號(hào)航郵經(jīng)寄我行,第二套單據(jù)在下一次航郵寄出

  (7)original documents must be snet by Registered airmail, and duplicate by subsequent airmail 單據(jù)的正本須用掛號(hào)航郵寄送,副本在下一班航郵寄送

  (8)documents must by sent by successive (or succeeding) airmails 單據(jù)要由連續(xù)航郵寄送

 。9)all documents made out in English must be sent to out bank in one lot 用英文繕制的所有單據(jù)須一次寄交我行

  2.method of reimbursement 索償辦法

 。1)in reimbursement, we shall authorize your Beijing Bank of China Head Office to debit our Head Office RMB Yuan account with them, upon receipt of relative documents 償付辦法,我行收到有關(guān)單據(jù)后,將授權(quán)你北京總行借記我總行在該行開立的人民幣帳戶

 。2)in reimbursement draw your own sight drafts in sterling on…Bank and forward them to our London Office, accompanied by your certificate that all terms of this letter of credit have been complied with 償付辦法,由你行開出英鎊即期匯票向……銀行支取。在寄送匯票給我倫敦辦事處時(shí),應(yīng)隨附你行的證明,聲明本證的全部條款已經(jīng)履行

 。3)available by your draft at sight payable by us in London on the basis to sight draft on New York 憑你行開具之即期匯票向我行在倫敦的機(jī)構(gòu)索回票款,票款在紐約即期兌付

 。4)in reimbursement, please claim from our RMB¥ account held with your banking department Bank of China Head Office Beijing with the amount of your negotiation 償付辦法,請(qǐng)?jiān)诒本┛傂形胰嗣駧艓糁兴骰啬阈凶h付之款項(xiàng)

 。5)upon presentation of the documents to us, we shall authorize your head office backing department by airmail to debit the proceeds to our foreign business department account 一俟向我行提交單證,我行將用航郵授權(quán)你總行借記我行國外營業(yè)部帳戶

 。6)after negotiation, you may reimburse yourselves by debiting our RMB¥ account with you, please forward all relative documents in one lot to us by airmail 議付后請(qǐng)借記我行在你行開立的人民幣帳戶,并將全部有關(guān)單據(jù)用航郵一次寄給我行

 。7)all bank charges outside U.K. are for our principals account, but must claimed at the time of presentation of documents 在英國境外發(fā)生的所有銀行費(fèi)用,應(yīng)由開證人負(fù)擔(dān),但須在提交單據(jù)是索取

  (8)negotiating bank may claim reimbursement by T.T. on the…bank certifying that the credit terms have been complied with 議付行須證明本證條款已旅行,并按電匯條款向……銀行索回貨款

 。9)negotiating bank are authorized to reimburse themselves to amount of their negotiation by redrawing by airmail at sight on…bank attaching to the reimbursement draft their certificate stating that all terms of the credit have been complied with and that the original and duplicate drafts and documents have been forwarded to us by consecutive airmail 議付行用航郵向……銀行重開一份即期匯票索取議付條款。索償匯票須附上證明,聲明本證所有條款已履行,單據(jù)的正副本已由連續(xù)航次寄交我行。

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